S 2 A 216

البقرة 2:216

كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِتَالُ وَهُوَ كُرْهٌ لَكُمْ ۖ وَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ ۖ وَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تُحِبُّوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ شَرٌّ لَكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنْتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ

It is prescribed for you to fight, though it is disliked by you, and it may be that you dislike a thing while it is good for you, and it may be that you love a thing while it is evil for you, and Allah knows, while you do not know. (M. H. Shakir)

يَقْدِرُ أَحَدٌ عَلَى صَرْفِ انْتِقَامِهِ مِنْ مُخَالِفِيهِ،وَ قَادِرٌ عَلَى إِثَابَةِ الْمُوَافِقِينَ لِدِينِهِ وَ الْمُصَدِّقِينَ لِنَبِيِّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)لاَ يَقْدِرُ أَحَدٌ عَلَى صَرْفِ ثَوَابِهِ عَنْ مُطِيعِيهِ،حَكِيمٌ فِيمَا يَفْعَلُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ،غَيْرُ مُسْرِفٍ عَلَى مَنْ أَطَاعَهُ وَ إِنْ أَكْثَرَ لَهُ الْخَيْرَاتِ، وَ لاَ وَاضِعٌ لَهَا فِي غَيْرِ مَوْضِعِهَا وَ إِنْ أَتَمَّ لَهُ الْكَرَامَاتِ،وَ لاَ ظَالِمٌ لِمَنْ عَصَاهُ وَ إِنْ شُدِّدَ عَلَيْهِ الْعُقُوبَاتُ.

No one can avert His vengeance from those who oppose Him; and He is able to reward those who conform to His religion and affirm His Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family). No one can divert His reward from those who obey Him. He is wise in what He does of that: He does not exceed the due measure for one who obeys Him, even if He bestows upon him abundant good things; nor does He place them in other than their proper place, even if He perfects for him the honors; and He is not unjust to the one who disobeys Him, even if He intensifies punishments upon him.

قَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ(عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلاَمُ):وَ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ وَ غَيْرِهَا احْتَجَّ عَلِيٌّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)يَوْمَ الشُّورَى عَلَى مَنْ دَافَعَهُ عَنْ حَقِّهِ،وَ أَخَّرَهُ عَنْ رُتْبَتِهِ،وَ إِنْ كَانَ مَا ضَرَّ الدَّافِعُ إِلاَّ نَفْسَهُ،فَإِنَّ عَلِيّاً(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)كَالْكَعْبَةِ الَّتِي أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِاسْتِقْبَالِهَا لِلصَّلاَةِ، جَعَلَهُ اللَّهُ لِيُؤْتَمَّ بِهِ فِي أُمُورِ الدِّينِ وَ الدُّنْيَا،كَمَا لاَ يَنْقُصُ الْكَعْبَةُ،وَ لاَ يَقْدَحُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ شَرَفِهَا وَ فَضْلِهَا إِنْ وَلَّى عَنْهَا الْكَافِرُونَ،فَكَذَلِكَ لاَ يَقْدَحُ فِي عَلِيٍّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)إِنْ أَخَّرَهُ عَنْ حَقِّهِ الْمُقَصِّرُونَ،وَ دَافَعَهُ عَنْ وَاجِبِهِ الظَّالِمُونَ.

Ali son of al-Husayn (peace be upon them both) said: By this verse and others, Ali (peace be upon him) argued on the day of the shura against those who withheld his right and delayed him from his rank, even though the one who withheld harmed none but himself. For Ali (peace be upon him) is like the Ka‘bah which Allah has commanded to face in prayer; Allah has made him to be followed in the affairs of religion and worldly life. Just as the Ka‘bah is not diminished, and nothing of its honor and virtue is impugned if the unbelievers turn away from it, so too nothing is impugned in Ali (peace be upon him) if the negligent delay him from his right and the unjust prevent him from his due.

قَالَ لَهُمْ عَلِيٌّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)يَوْمَ الشُّورَى فِي بَعْضِ مَقَالِهِ بَعْدَ أَنْ أَعْذَرَ وَ أَنْذَرَ،وَ بَالَغَ وَ أَوْضَحَ:مَعَاشِرَ الْأَوْلِيَاءِ الْعُقَلاَءِ،أَ لَمْ يَنْهَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَنْ تَجْعَلُوا لَهُ أَنْدَاداً مِمَّنْ لاَ يَعْقِلُ وَ لاَ يَسْمَعُ وَ لاَ يُبْصِرُ وَ لاَ يَفْهَمُ؟أَ وَ لَمْ يَجْعَلْنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)لِدِينِكُمْ وَ دُنْيَاكُمْ قَوَّاماً؟أَ وَ لَمْ يَجْعَلْ إِلَيَّ مَفْزَعَكُمْ؟أَ وَ لَمْ يَقُلْ لَكُمْ:عَلِيٌّ مَعَ الْحَقِّ وَ الْحَقُّ مَعَهُ؟أَ وَ لَمْ يَقُلْ:أَنَا مَدِينَةُ الْعِلْمِ وَ عَلِيٌّ بَابُهَا؟أَ وَ لاَ تَرَوْنِي غَنِيّاً عَنْ عُلُومِكُمْ وَ أَنْتُمْ إِلَى عِلْمِي مُحْتَاجُونَ؟أَ فَأَمَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى الْعُلَمَاءَ بِاتِّبَاعِ مَنْ لاَ يَعْلَمُ،أَمْ مَنْ لاَ يَعْلَمُ بِاتِّبَاعِ مَنْ يَعْلَمُ؟ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ،لِمَ تَنْقُضُونَ تَرْتِيبَ الْأَلْبَابِ،لِمَ تُؤَخِّرُونَ مَنْ قَدَّمَهُ الْكَرِيمُ الْوَهَّابُ؟أَ وَ لَيْسَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)أَجَابَنِي إِلَى مَا رَدَّ عَنْهُ أَفْضَلَكُمْ؛فَاطِمَةَ لَمَّا خَطَبَهَا؟أَ وَ لَيْسَ قَدْ جَعَلَنِي أَحَبَّ خَلْقِ اللَّهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ لَمَّا أَطْعَمَنِي مَعَهُ مِنَ الطَّائِرِ؟أَ وَ لَيْسَ جَعَلَنِي أَقْرَبَ الْخَلْقِ شَبَهاً بِمُحَمَّدٍ نَبِيِّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)؟أَ فَأَقْرَبَ النَّاسِ بِهِ شَبَهاً تُؤَخِّرُونَ،وَ أَبْعَدَ النَّاسِ بِهِ شَبَهاً تُقَدِّمُونَ،مَا لَكُمْ لاَ تَتَفَكَّرُونَ وَ لاَ تَعْقِلُونَ»؟! قَالَ:«فَمَا زَالَ يَحْتَجُّ بِهَذَا وَ نَحْوِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَ هُمْ لاَ يَغْفُلُونَ عَمَّا دَبَّرُوهُ،وَ لاَ يَرْضَوْنَ إِلاَّ بِمَا آثَرُوهُ»!

Ali (peace be upon him) said to them on the day of the shura, in part of his discourse after he had offered excuse and warning, and had been thorough and made clear: O company of loyal and intelligent ones! Did not Allah, exalted is He, forbid you to set up for Him equals from those who neither reason, nor hear, nor see, nor understand? Did not the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) make me the guardian over your religion and your worldly affairs? Did he not make me your point of refuge? Did he not say to you: “Ali is with the truth and the truth is with him”? Did he not say: “I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate”? Do you not see me independent of your knowledge while you are in need of my knowledge? Did Allah, exalted is He, command those who know to follow those who do not know, or those who do not know to follow those who know? O people! Why do you overturn the order of sound minds? Why do you delay the one whom the Generous Bestower has advanced? Did not the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) grant me what he refused your best—Fatimah—when I sought her hand? Did he not make me the most beloved of Allah’s creation to Allah when He fed me with him from the bird? Did he not make me the closest of creation in resemblance to Muhammad, His Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family)? Do you delay the one most resembling him and advance the one least resembling him? What is the matter with you that you do not reflect and do not reason?! He said: He continued arguing with them by this and the like of it, while they were not neglectful of what they had planned, and they were not content except with what they had preferred.

قوله تعالى:

كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِتٰالُ[216]

99- _1- (دَعَائِمُ الْإِسْلاَمِ):عَنْ عَلِيٍّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)أَنَّهُ قَالَ: «الْجِهَادُ فَرْضٌ عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ لِقَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى:

كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِتٰالُ فَإِنْ قَامَتْ بِالْجِهَادِ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَسِعَ سَائِرَهُمُ التَّخَلُّفُ عَنْهُ مَا لَمْ يَحْتَجِ الَّذِينَ يَلُونَ الْجِهَادَ إِلَى الْمَدَدِ،فَإِنِ احْتَاجُوا لَزِمَ الْجَمِيعَ أَنْ يُمِدُّوهُمْ حَتَّى يَكْتَفُوا،قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَ مٰا كٰانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً [1]فَإِنْ دَهَمَ أَمْرٌ يُحْتَاجُ فِيهِ إِلَى جَمَاعَتِهِمْ نَفَرُوا كُلُّهُمْ،قَالَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ:

اِنْفِرُوا خِفٰافاً وَ ثِقٰالاً وَ جٰاهِدُوا بِأَمْوٰالِكُمْ وَ أَنْفُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللّٰهِ [1] ».

99- _1- (Da'a'im al-Islam 1:341): From Ali (peace be upon him), that he said: Jihad is obligatory upon all Muslims because of the saying of Allah, exalted is He: “It is prescribed for you to fight [2:216].” If a group from among the Muslims undertakes jihad, it is allowable for the rest to remain behind so long as those engaged in jihad do not need reinforcement; but if they need it, then it is incumbent upon all to reinforce them until they are sufficient. Allah, exalted is He, said: “And the believers should not go forth all together [9:122].” And if an affair befalls which requires their collective presence, then they must all go forth; Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said: “Go forth, light and heavy, and strive hard in Allah’s way with your property and your souls [9:41].”

- 9:122 (M. H. Shakir): And the believers should not go forth all together; but why should not a company from every party from among them go forth that they may apply themselves to obtain understanding in religion, and that they may warn their people when they come back to them that they may be cautious?

- 9:41 (M. H. Shakir): Go forth light and heavy, and strive hard in Allah's way with your property and your persons; this is better for you, if you know.

قوله تعالى:

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَ الَّذِينَ هٰاجَرُوا -إلى قوله تعالى- رَحْمَتَ اللّٰهِ[218]

99- _1- (إِعْلاَمُ الْوَرَى)-فِي ذِكْرِ مَغَازِي الرَّسُولِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)-قَالَ: ثُمَّ رَجَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)مِنَ الْعَشِيرَةِ [2] إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ،فَلَمْ يَقُمْ بِهَا عَشْرَ لَيَالٍ حَتَّى أَغَارَ كُرْزُ بْنُ جَابِرٍ الْفِهْرِيُّ عَلَى سَرْحِ الْمَدِينَةِ،فَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)فِي طَلَبِهِ حَتَّى بَلَغَ وَادِياً يُقَالُ لَهُ سَفَوَانُ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ بَدْرٍ،وَ هِيَ غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ الْأُولَى،وَ حَامِلُ لِوَائِهِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،وَ اسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ زَيْدَ بْنَ حَارِثَةَ،وَ فَاتَهُ كُرْزٌ فَلَمْ يُدْرِكْهُ.

فَرَجَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)وَ أَقَامَ جُمَادَى وَ رَجَبَ وَ شَعْبَانَ،وَ كَانَ بَعَثَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ فِي ثَمَانِيَةِ رَهْطٍ،فَرَجَعَ وَ لَمْ يَلْقَ كَيْداً،ثُمَّ بَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ وَ آلِهِ)عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ جَحْشٍ إِلَى نَخْلَةَ وَ قَالَ:«كُنْ بِهَا حَتَّى تَأْتِيَنَا بِخَبَرٍ مِنْ أَخْبَارِ قُرَيْشٍ»وَ لَمْ يَأْمُرْهُ بِقِتَالٍ،وَ ذَلِكَ فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ،وَ كَتَبَ لَهُ كِتَاباً،وَ قَالَ:«اخْرُجْ أَنْتَ وَ أَصْحَابُكَ حَتَّى إِذَا سِرْتَ يَوْمَيْنِ فَافْتَحْ كِتَابَكَ وَ انْظُرْ مَا فِيهِ،وَ امْضِ لِمَا أَمَرْتُكَ».

فَلَمَّا سَارَ يَوْمَيْنِ وَ فَتَحَ الْكِتَابَ فَإِذَا فِيهِ:«أَنِ امْضِ حَتَّى تَنْزِلَ نَخْلَةَ فَتَأْتِيَنَا مِنْ أَخْبَارِ قُرَيْشٍ بِمَا يَصِلُ إِلَيْكَ مِنْهُمْ».

فَقَالَ لِأَصْحَابِهِ حِينَ قَرَأَ الْكِتَابَ:سَمْعاً وَ طَاعَةً،مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ رَغْبَةٌ فِي الشَّهَادَةِ فَلْيَنْطَلِقْ مَعِي.فَمَضَى مَعَهُ الْقَوْمُ حَتَّى نَزَلُوا النَّخْلَةَ،فَمَرَّ بِهِمْ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ،وَ الْحَكَمُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ،وَ عُثْمَانُ وَ الْمُغِيرَةُ ابْنَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،مَعَهُمْ تِجَارَةٌ قَدَّمُوا بِهَا مِنَ الطَّائِفِ أُدْمٌ وَ زَبِيبٌ،فَلَمَّا رَآهُمُ الْقَوْمُ أَشْرَفَ لَهُمْ وَاقِدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،وَ كَانَ قَدْ حَلَقَ رَأْسَهُ،فَقَالُوا:عُمَّارٌ [3]لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنْهُمْ بَأْسٌ.وَ ائْتَمَرَ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ،وَ هُوَ آخِرُ يَوْمٍ مِنْ رَجَبٍ،فَقَالُوا:لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُوهُمْ إِنَّكُمْ لَتَقْتُلُونَهُمْ فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ،وَ لَئِنْ تَرَكْتُمُوهُمْ لَيَدْخُلُنَّ هَذِهِ اللَّيْلَةَ مَكَّةَ فَلَيَمْنَعُنَّ مِنْكُمْ،فَأَجْمَعَ الْقَوْمُ عَلَى قَتْلِهِمْ،فَرَمَى وَاقِدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ التَّمِيمِيُّ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ بِسَهْمٍ فَقَتَلَهُ،وَ اسْتَأْمَنَ [4] عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ وَ الْحَكَمُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ،وَ هَرَبَ الْمُغِيرَةُ فَأَعْجَزَهُمْ،وَ اسْتَاقُوا الْعِيرَ،فَقَدِمُوا بِهَا عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)،فَقَالَ لَهُمْ:«وَ اللَّهِ مَا أَمَرْتُكُمْ بِالْقِتَالِ فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ»وَ أَوْقَفَ الْأَسِيرَيْنِ،وَ الْعِيرَ وَ لَمْ يَأْخُذْ مِنْهَا شَيْئاً،وَ أُسْقِطَ فِي أَيْدِي الْقَوْمِ،وَ ظَنُّوا أَنَّهُمْ قَدْ هَلَكُوا،

99- _1- (I‘lam al-Wara: 73): In the account of the Prophet’s expeditions (may Allah bless him and his family), it says: Then the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) returned from al-‘Ashirah [a place near Yanbu‘] to Medina. He did not stay there for ten nights before Kurz b. Jabir al-Fihri raided the grazing animals of Medina. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) went out in pursuit of him until he reached a valley called Safawan, near Badr; this was the first expedition of Badr, and the standard-bearer was Ali b. Abi Talib (peace be upon him). He appointed Zayd b. Harithah as his deputy over Medina, but Kurz escaped him and he did not catch him.

Then the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) returned and stayed through Jumada, Rajab, and Sha‘ban. In between, he had dispatched Sa‘d b. Abi Waqqas with eight men; he returned without encountering any hostilities. Then the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) sent ‘Abd Allah b. Jahsh to Nakhlah and said: “Remain there until you bring us news about Quraysh,” and he did not command him to fight; that was in the sacred month. He wrote him a letter and said: “Set out, you and your companions; when you have marched for two days, open your letter, look at what is in it, and proceed with what I have commanded you.”

When he had marched for two days, he opened the letter, and in it was: “Proceed until you alight at Nakhlah, then bring us from the news of Quraysh whatever reaches you from them.”

When he read the letter, he said to his companions: Hearing and obedience. Whoever desires martyrdom, let him set out with me. The group went on with him until they came to Nakhlah. ‘Amr b. al-Hadrami, al-Hakam b. Kaysan, and ‘Uthman and al-Mughirah the sons of ‘Abd Allah passed by them, with merchandise they had brought from al-Ta’if—leather and raisins. When the group saw them, Waqid b. ‘Abd Allah, who had shaved his head, rose up to view them. They said: “They are ‘ummar [pilgrims performing ‘umrah]; there is no harm upon you regarding them.” The companions of the Messenger of Allah consulted, and it was the last day of Rajab. They said: “If you kill them, you will surely kill them in the sacred month; and if you leave them, they will enter Mecca tonight and will be protected from you.” The group resolved to kill them. Waqid b. ‘Abd Allah al-Tamimi shot ‘Amr b. al-Hadrami with an arrow and killed him. ‘Uthman b. ‘Abd Allah and al-Hakam b. Kaysan sought quarter [or were taken safely], and al-Mughirah fled and eluded them. They drove off the caravan and brought it to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family). He said to them: “By Allah, I did not command you to fight in the sacred month.” He detained the two captives and the caravan and did not take anything from it. The group were distraught and thought that they were ruined.

الآية: البقرة 2:218

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَالَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا وَجَاهَدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أُولَٰئِكَ يَرْجُونَ رَحْمَتَ اللَّهِ ۚ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ

Surely those who believe and those who migrate and strive hard in the way of Allah, these hope for the mercy of Allah, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. (M. H. Shakir)

الهوامش:

_1) -دعائم الإسلام 1:341.

_1) -Da'a'im al-Islam 1:341.

[1] التوبة 9:122.

[1] al-Tawbah 9:122.

[1] التوبة 9:41.

[1] al-Tawbah 9:41.

[2] العشيرة:موضع بناحية ينبع.

[2] al-‘Ashirah: mawdi‘ bi-nahiyat Yanbu‘.

[3] أي معتمرون يريدون زيارة البيت الحرام.

[3] Ayy mu‘tamirun yurīdūna ziyārata al-bayt al-harām.

[4] كذا في المصدر،و الظاهر استؤسر.

[4] Kadha fi al-masdar, wa al-zāhir ustu’sira.