Four Types of Prayer of That Honorable Figure on the Day of Ashura

چهار قسم نماز آن حضرت در روز عاشورا

[باب الصلواة] جميع ائمه اقامه صلاة نمودند، چنانكه در زيارت جامعه است [223] ، لكن از براي آن حضرت خصوصيتي است در اقامه صلاة كه در آنروز چهار قسم نماز بجا مي‌آورد.يكي: وداع نماز شب كه از قوم مهلت خواست آن شب را به جهت آن [224] .دوم: نماز ظهر بود كه در آن روز به طريق نماز خوف به جاي آورد [225] به نحو خاصي كه غير از ذات الرقاع و بطن النخلة است [226] و نماز آنحضرت قصر بود لكن از براي بعض اصحاب قصر القصر بود كه در بين نماز شهيد شدند در پيش روي آنحضرت.سوم: روح صلاة از افعال و اقوال و كيفيات آن، چنانكه در كتاب صلاة مبين است.چهارم: آن نماز مخصوصي بود به تكبير و قرائت و قيام و ركوع و سجود و تشهد و سلام مخصوصي.پس احرامش آن وقتي بود كه از روي زين بر زمين افتاد، و قيامش آن بودكه بپا [ صفحه 114] ايستاد، و ركوعش آن بود كه خم خم راه مي‌رفت و گاهي به رو، مي‌افتاد، و قنوتش دعائي بود كه در آن حال مي‌خواند: «اللهم متعالي المكان، عظيم الجبروت، شديد المحال، غنيا من الخلائق، عريض الكبرياء، قادرا علي ماتشاء، قريب الرحمة، صادق الوعد، سابغ النعمة، حسن البلاء، قريب اذا دعيت، محيط بما خلقت، قابل التوبة لمن تاب اليك، قادر علي ما اردت، و مدرك ما طلبت، شكور اذا شكرت، و ذكور اذا ذكرت، أدعوك محتاجا، و أرغب اليك فقيرا، و أفزع اليك خائفا، و أبكي اليك مكروبا، وأستعين بك ضعيفا و أتوكل عليك كافيا، احكم بيننا و بين قومنا فانهم غرونا، و خدعونا و خذلونا، و غدروا بنا، و قتلونا و نحن عترة نبيك، و ولد حبيبك (صلي الله عليه و آله) الذي اصطفيته بالرسالة، و ائتمنته علي وحيك، فاجعل لنا من امرنا فرجا و مخرجا، برحمتك يا ارحم الراحمين» [227] و سجودش آن وقت بود كه پيشاني مبارك بر خاك نهاد، و تشهد و سلامش مفارقت روح مباركش بود از جسد، و بلند شدنش ارتفاع بر سر نيزه بود، و تعقيبش اذكار و آيات سوره‌ي كهف بود كه بر سر نيزه تلاوت مي‌نمود.[باب الصوم] از براي روزه، دوازده قسم است كه در فصل عليحده ذكر خواهد شد (ان شاءالله).واعلي واكمل آن، صوم آنحضرت است كه امساك نمود از طعام و آب و از جميع علايق قلبيه و جسديه، و به اين سبب خداوند افطار خاصي از برايش به هديه فرستاد بر دست حضرت رسول، چنانكه فرزندش علي‌اكبر عرض كرد: «هذا جدي بيده كاس مذخورة لك»: [اينك جدم در دستش جامي است كه از براي حضرت شما نگاه داشته است] [228] .[باب الجنايز]: واجب است تجهيز اموات، و تغسيل و تكفين و حنوط و دفن و نماز برايشان، مگر شهيد در معركه كه همان نماز تنها، و دفن باثياب در آن لازم است، و [ صفحه 115] مستحب است تشييع آن جنازه، و چهار گوشه‌ي آن را برداشتن، و غير اين آداب و سنن كه در كتب فقه مشروح است، و آن حضرت نسبت به اصحابش از واجبات آن متمكن نبود، و شايد اقل واجب از نماز را به جا آورده باشد.

Four Types of Prayer of That Honorable Figure on the Day of Ashura

Chapter of Namaz

All of the Imams (a.s.) established prayer, as stated in Ziyārat al-Jāmiʿah. [223] However, Imam Husain (a.s.) possessed a unique distinction in establishing prayer, for on that day he performed four kinds of prayer.

The first was the farewell night prayer, for which he requested a respite from the enemy on that night. [224]

The second was the noon prayer, which he performed that day in the manner of Ṣalāt al-Khawf (the Prayer of Fear). [225] He performed it in a special form different from that of Dhāt al-Riqāʿ and Baṭn al-Nakhlah. [226] The prayer of Imam Husain (a.s.) was shortened (qaṣr), but for some of his companions it became the shortening of the shortened prayer, for they were martyred while standing before him during the prayer.

The third was the spirit of prayer itself, consisting of its actions, words, and states, as explained in the Book of Prayer.

The fourth was a special prayer with its own unique takbīr, recitation, standing, bowing, prostration, tashahhud, and salām.

Its iḥrām (opening consecration) was when he fell from the saddle onto the ground.

Its standing (qiyām) was when he rose to his feet.

[ صفحه 114]

Its bowing (rukūʿ) was when he walked bent over and at times fell upon his face.

Its qunūt was the supplication that he recited in that state:

اللَّهُمَّ مُتَعَالِيَ الْمَكَانِ، عَظِيمَ الْجَبَرُوتِ، شَدِيدَ الْمِحَالِ، غَنِيًّا عَنِ الْخَلَائِقِ، عَرِيضَ الْكِبْرِيَاءِ، قَادِرًا عَلَىٰ مَا تَشَاءُ، قَرِيبَ الرَّحْمَةِ، صَادِقَ الْوَعْدِ، سَابِغَ النِّعْمَةِ، حَسَنَ الْبَلَاءِ، قَرِيبًا إِذَا دُعِيتَ، مُحِيطًا بِمَا خَلَقْتَ، قَابِلَ التَّوْبَةِ لِمَنْ تَابَ إِلَيْكَ، قَادِرًا عَلَىٰ مَا أَرَدْتَ، وَمُدْرِكًا مَا طَلَبْتَ، شَكُورًا إِذَا شُكِرْتَ، وَذَكُورًا إِذَا ذُكِرْتَ.

أَدْعُوكَ مُحْتَاجًا، وَأَرْغَبُ إِلَيْكَ فَقِيرًا، وَأَفْزَعُ إِلَيْكَ خَائِفًا، وَأَبْكِي إِلَيْكَ مَكْرُوبًا، وَأَسْتَعِينُ بِكَ ضَعِيفًا، وَأَتَوَكَّلُ عَلَيْكَ كَافِيًا.

احْكُمْ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ قَوْمِنَا، فَإِنَّهُمْ غَرُّونَا، وَخَدَعُونَا، وَخَذَلُونَا، وَغَدَرُوا بِنَا، وَقَتَلُونَا، وَنَحْنُ عِتْرَةُ نَبِيِّكَ وَوَلَدُ حَبِيبِكَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ) الَّذِي اصْطَفَيْتَهُ بِالرِّسَالَةِ، وَائْتَمَنْتَهُ عَلَىٰ وَحْيِكَ.

فَاجْعَلْ لَنَا مِنْ أَمْرِنَا فَرَجًا وَمَخْرَجًا، بِرَحْمَتِكَ يَا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

“O Allah, Exalted in station, Mighty in dominion, Severe in power, Independent of all creation, Vast in majesty, Powerful over whatever You will, Near in mercy, True in promise, Abundant in blessings, Excellent in trial, Near whenever You are called upon, Encompassing all that You have created, Accepting the repentance of whoever turns to You, Powerful over whatever You intend, Attaining whatever is sought, Appreciative when thanked, Mindful when remembered. I call upon You in need, I turn toward You in poverty, I seek refuge in You in fear, I weep before You in distress, I seek strength through You in weakness, and I rely upon You as One who is sufficient. Judge between us and our people, for they deceived us, betrayed us, abandoned us, acted treacherously toward us, and killed us, while we are the family of Your Prophet (s.a.w.a.) and the offspring of Your beloved (s.a.w.a.), whom You chose for the Message and entrusted with Your Revelation. Therefore grant us relief and a way out of our affair, through Your mercy, O Most Merciful of the merciful.” [227]

Its prostration (sujūd) was when he placed his blessed forehead upon the earth.

Its tashahhud and salām were the departure of his blessed soul from his body.

Its rising afterward was his elevation upon the spear.

Its post-prayer remembrance (taʿqīb) consisted of the invocations and verses of Sūrat al-Kahf that he recited while upon the spear.

Chapter of Fasting

Fasting has twelve categories, which will be mentioned in a separate section, Allah willing.

The highest and most perfect of them was the fast of Imam Husain (a.s.), for he abstained from food and water and from all bodily and spiritual attachments.

For this reason Allah sent him a special breaking of the fast as a gift through the hand of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.), as his son Ali al-Akbar (a.s.) said:

«هذا جدي بيده كاس مذخورة لك»

“This is my grandfather; in his hand is a cup reserved especially for you.” [228]

The Chapter of Funerals

Preparing the deceased, washing them, shrouding them, applying ḥanūṭ, burying them, and praying over them are obligatory duties. The only exception is the martyr slain on the battlefield, for whom only the funeral prayer and burial in his garments are required.

[ صفحه 115]

It is recommended to accompany the funeral procession, carry the bier from its four corners, and observe the other etiquettes and practices that are explained in detail in the books of jurisprudence.

As for Imam Husain (a.s.), he was unable to perform these obligatory rites for his companions, and perhaps he only performed the minimum obligation of offering prayer for them.