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فَقَالَ الْبَاقِرُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):سَمِعَ هَؤُلاَءِ شَيْئاً لَمْ يَضَعُوهُ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ،إِنَّمَا كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)قَاعِداً ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ هُوَ وَ عَلِيٌّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)إِذْ سَمِعَ قَائِلاً يَقُولُ:مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ وَ شَاءَ مُحَمَّدٌ؛وَ سَمِعَ آخَرَ يَقُولُ:مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ وَ شَاءَ عَلِيٌّ؛فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ):لاَ تَقْرَنُوا مُحَمَّداً وَ عَلِيّاً بِاللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،وَ لَكِنْ قُولُوا:مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ،ثُمَّ شَاءَ مُحَمَّدٌ،[مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ]،ثُمَّ شَاءَ عَلِيٌّ. إِنَّ مَشِيئَةَ اللَّهِ هِيَ الْقَاهِرَةُ الَّتِي لاَ تُسَاوَى وَ لاَ تُكَافَأُ وَ لاَ تُدَانَى،وَ مَا مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ فِي اللَّهِ وَ فِي قُدْرَتِهِ إِلاَّ كَذُبَابَةٍ تَطِيرُ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسَالِكِ [1] الْوَاسِعَةِ،وَ مَا عَلِيٌّ فِي اللَّهِ وَ فِي قُدْرَتِهِ إِلاَّ كَبَعُوضَةٍ فِي جُمْلَةِ هَذِهِ الْمَسَالِكِ [2]،مَعَ أَنَّ فَضْلَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلِيٍّ هُوَ الْفَضْلُ الَّذِي لاَ يَفِي [3] بِهِ فَضْلُهُ عَلَى جَمِيعِ خَلْقِهِ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الدَّهْرِ إِلَى آخِرِهِ.هَذَا مَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)فِي ذِكْرِ الذُّبَابِ وَ الْبَعُوضَةِ فِي هَذَا الْمَكَانِ فَلاَ يَدْخُلُ فِي قَوْلِهِ: إِنَّ اللّٰهَ لاٰ يَسْتَحْيِي أَنْ يَضْرِبَ مَثَلاً مٰا بَعُوضَةً ».

He said, al-Baqir (peace be upon him): These people heard something but did not place it in its proper context. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) was sitting one day with Ali (peace be upon him) when he heard someone say, “As Allah wills and as Muhammad wills,” and he heard another say, “As Allah wills and as Ali wills.” The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) said: “Do not couple Muhammad and Ali with Allah, Mighty and Majestic; rather say: ‘As Allah wills, then as Muhammad wills; [as Allah wills,] then as Ali wills.’ Allah’s will is the dominant one that is not equaled, matched, or approached. Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, in relation to Allah and His power is but like a fly flying in these vast pathways [1], and Ali in relation to Allah and His power is but like a gnat among these pathways [2], even though Allah’s favor upon Muhammad and Ali is the favor that is not equaled [3] by His favor upon all His creation from the beginning of time to its end. This is what the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) said regarding the mention of the fly and the gnat in this context, so it does not fall under His saying: “Surely Allah is not ashamed to set forth any parable—even that of a gnat.”

99-/362 _3- أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الطَّبْرِسِيُّ،قَالَ:رُوِيَ عَنِ الصَّادِقِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)أَنَّهُ قَالَ: «إِنَّمَا ضَرَبَ اللَّهُ الْمَثَلَ بِالْبَعُوضَةِ،لِأَنَّ الْبَعُوضَةَ عَلَى صِغَرِ حَجْمِهَا،خَلَقَ اللَّهُ فِيهَا جَمِيعَ مَا خَلَقَ فِي الْفِيلِ مَعَ كِبَرِهِ وَ زِيَادَةِ عُضْوَيْنِ آخَرَيْنِ،فَأَرَادَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ يُنَبِّهَ بِذَلِكَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَى لَطِيفِ خَلْقِهِ،وَ عَجِيبِ صَنَعْتِهِ».

99-/362 _3- Abu ‘Ali al-Tabrisi said: It is narrated from al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) that he said: “Allah only struck the parable with the gnat because, despite its small size, Allah created within it all that He created in the elephant with its great size—plus two additional organs—so that Allah, glorified is He, would thereby alert the believers to the subtlety of His creation and the marvel of His craftsmanship.”

99-/363 _4- عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،قَالَ:قَالَ الصَّادِقُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ): «إِنَّ هَذَا الْقَوْلَ مِنَ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ رَدٌّ عَلَى مَنْ زَعَمَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى يُضِلُّ الْعِبَادَ ثُمَّ يُعَذِّبُهُمْ عَلَى ضَلاَلَتِهِمْ،فَقَالَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: إِنَّ اللّٰهَ لاٰ يَسْتَحْيِي أَنْ يَضْرِبَ مَثَلاً مٰا بَعُوضَةً فَمٰا فَوْقَهٰا ».

99-/363 _4- ‘Ali ibn Ibrahim said: Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: “This statement from Allah, Mighty and Majestic, is a refutation of those who claim that Allah, blessed and exalted, leads the servants astray and then punishes them for their straying. Thus Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said: ‘Surely Allah is not ashamed to set forth any parable—even that of a gnat or anything above it.’”

قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:

كَيْفَ تَكْفُرُونَ بِاللّٰهِ وَ كُنْتُمْ أَمْوٰاتاً فَأَحْيٰاكُمْ ثُمَّ يُمِيتُكُمْ ثُمَّ يُحْيِيكُمْ ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ[28]

Qur’an 2:28 — How do you disbelieve in Allah, and you were dead and He gave you life, then He will cause you to die, then bring you to life again, and then to Him you shall be brought back. (M. H. Shakir)

99-/364 _1- قَالَ الْإِمَامُ الْعَسْكَرِيُّ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)لِكُفَّارِ قُرَيْشٍ وَ الْيَهُودِ: كَيْفَ تَكْفُرُونَ بِاللّٰهِ الَّذِي دَلَّكُمْ عَلَى طَرِيقِ الْهُدَى،وَ جَنَّبَكُمْ-إِنْ أَطَعْتُمُوهُ-سَبِيلَ الرَّدَى. وَ كُنْتُمْ أَمْوٰاتاً فِي أَصْلاَبِ آبَائِكُمْ وَ أَرْحَامِ أُمَّهَاتِكُمْ. فَأَحْيٰاكُمْ أَخْرَجَكُمْ أَحْيَاءً ثُمَّ يُمِيتُكُمْ فِي هَذِهِ الدُّنْيَا وَ يُقْبِرُكُمْ

99-/364 _1- Imam al-‘Askari Abu Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: “The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) said to the disbelievers of Quraysh and the Jews: How can you disbelieve in Allah who guided you to the path of right guidance and—if you obey Him—keeps you away from the way of ruin? And you were dead in the loins of your fathers and the wombs of your mothers; then He gave you life—He brought you forth alive—then He will cause you to die in this world and will have you buried.”

ثُمَّ يُحْيِيكُمْ فِي الْقُبُورِ،وَ يُنْعِمُ فِيهَا الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِنُبُوَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ وَلاَيَةِ عَلِيٍّ(عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلاَمُ)وَ يُعَذِّبُ الْكَافِرِينَ فِيهَا. ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ فِي الْآخِرَةِ بِأَنْ تَمُوتُوا فِي الْقُبُورِ بَعْدُ،ثُمَّ تُحْيَوْا لِلْبَعْثِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ،تُرْجَعُونَ إِلَى مَا قَدْ وَعَدَكُمْ مِنَ الثَّوَابِ عَلَى الطَّاعَاتِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ فَاعِلِيهَا،وَ مِنَ الْعِقَابِ عَلَى الْمَعَاصِي إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُقَارِفِيهَا» [1].

“Then He will bring you to life in the graves, favoring therein the believers by the prophethood of Muhammad and the guardianship of Ali (peace be upon them), and He will punish the disbelievers therein. Then to Him you shall be returned in the Hereafter by dying again in the graves, then you shall be brought to life for the resurrection on the Day of Judgment. You shall be returned to what He has promised you of reward for acts of obedience—if you perform them—and of punishment for acts of disobedience—if you commit them.” [1]

99-/365 _2-و قال عليّ بن إبراهيم:و قوله كَيْفَ تَكْفُرُونَ بِاللّٰهِ وَ كُنْتُمْ أَمْوٰاتاً أي نطفة ميتة و علقة،فأجرى فيكم الروح فَأَحْيٰاكُمْ ثُمَّ يُمِيتُكُمْ بَعْدُ ثُمَّ يُحْيِيكُمْ ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ في القيامة. قال:و الحياة في كتاب اللّه على وجوه كثيرة:فمن الحياة:ابتداء خلق الإنسان في قوله: فَإِذٰا سَوَّيْتُهُ وَ نَفَخْتُ فِيهِ مِنْ رُوحِي [2]فهي الروح المخلوقة التي خلقها اللّه و أجراها في الإنسان فَقَعُوا لَهُ سٰاجِدِينَ [3]. و الوجه الثاني من الحياة:يعني إنبات الأرض،و هو قوله: يُحْيِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهٰا [4]و الأرض الميتة: التي لا نبات بها،فإحياؤها بنباتها. و وجه آخر من الحياة:و هو دخول الجنة،و هو قوله: اِسْتَجِيبُوا لِلّٰهِ وَ لِلرَّسُولِ إِذٰا دَعٰاكُمْ لِمٰا يُحْيِيكُمْ [5]يعني الخلود في الجنة،و الدليل على ذلك قوله: وَ إِنَّ الدّٰارَ الْآخِرَةَ لَهِيَ الْحَيَوٰانُ [6].

99-/365 _2- And ‘Ali ibn Ibrahim said: As for His saying, How do you disbelieve in Allah and you were dead, it means a lifeless drop and a clot; then He ran the spirit within you and gave you life; then He will cause you to die afterwards; then He will bring you to life; then to Him you will be returned at the Resurrection. He said: “Life in the Book of Allah is of many kinds. Of them is the beginning of the human’s creation in His saying: So when I have made him complete and breathed into him of My spirit [2]—that is the created spirit which Allah created and ran within man—fall down in prostration to him [3]. The second kind of life is the sprouting of the earth, in His saying: He gives life to the earth after its death [4]—and the dead earth is that in which there is no vegetation; its being given life is by its vegetation. Another kind of life is entering Paradise, in His saying: Answer Allah and the Messenger when he calls you to that which gives you life [5]—meaning everlastingness in Paradise; and the proof of that is His saying: And the life of the hereafter, that is the (true) life [6].” Qur’an 15:29 — So when I have made him complete and breathed into him of My spirit, fall down making obeisance to him. (M. H. Shakir) Qur’an 57:17 — Know that Allah gives life to the earth after its death; indeed, We have made the communications clear to you that you may understand. (M. H. Shakir) Qur’an 8:24 — O you who believe! answer Allah and His Messenger when he calls you to that which gives you life, and know that Allah intervenes between man and his heart, and that to Him you shall be gathered. (M. H. Shakir) Qur’an 29:64 — And this life of the world is nothing but a sport and a play; and as for the next abode, that most surely is the life—did they but know! (M. H. Shakir)

قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:

هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مٰا فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعاً ثُمَّ اسْتَوىٰ إِلَى السَّمٰاءِ فَسَوّٰاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمٰاوٰاتٍ وَ هُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ[29]

Qur’an 2:29 — He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth, and He directed Himself to the heaven, so He made them complete seven heavens, and He knows all things. (M. H. Shakir)

99-/366 _1- ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ الْمُفَسِّرُ(رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ)،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا يُوسُفُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ،وَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَيَّارٍ،عَنْ أَبَوَيْهِمَا،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُوسَى الرِّضَا،عَنْ أَبِيهِ مُوسَى بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ مُحَمَّدِ ابْنِ عَلِيٍّ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ(عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ:«قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مٰا فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعاً ثُمَّ اسْتَوىٰ إِلَى السَّمٰاءِ فَسَوّٰاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمٰاوٰاتٍ وَ هُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ .

99-/366 _1- Ibn Babawayh said: Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, the exegete (may Allah be pleased with him), narrated to us, who said: Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Ziyad and ‘Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Sayyar narrated to us, from their fathers, from al-Hasan ibn ‘Ali, from his father ‘Ali ibn Muhammad, from his father Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, from his father ‘Ali ibn Musa al-Rida, from his father Musa ibn Ja‘far, from his father Ja‘far ibn Muhammad, from his father Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, from his father ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn, from his father al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali (peace be upon them). He said: “The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said regarding Allah’s saying: He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth, and He directed Himself to the heaven, so He made them complete seven heavens, and He knows all things.”

المراجع والحواشي:

_3) -مجمع البيان 1:165.

_3) -Majma‘ al-Bayan 1:165.

_4) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:34.

_4) -Tafsir al-Qummi 1:34.

_1) -التفسير المنسوب إلى الإمام العسكريّ(عليه السلام):97/210.

_1) -al-Tafsir al-mansub ila al-Imam al-‘Askari (alayhi al-salam): 97/210.

[1] [2] في المصدر:الممالك.

[1] [2] fi al-masdar: al-mamalik.

[3] هذا الشيء لا يفي بذلك:أي يقصر عنه و لا يوازيه.«المعجم الوسيط-و في-2:1047».

[3] hadha al-shay’ la yafi bidhalik: ay yaqsuru ‘anhu wa la yuwayzih. “al-Mu‘jam al-Wasit – wa fa – 2:1047”.

_2) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:35.

_2) -Tafsir al-Qummi 1:35.

_1) -عيون أخبار الرضا(عليه السلام)2:29/12.

_1) -‘Uyun Akhbar al-Rida (alayhi al-salam) 2:29/12.

[1] قارف فلان الخطيئة:أي خالطها.«الصحاح-قرف-4:1416».

[1] qarafa fulan al-khati’ah: ay khalataha. “al-Sihah – qarafa – 4:1416”.