S 2 A 282

و قال السدي و ابن عبّاس:ثم نزل لَقَدْ جٰاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ الآية،فعاش بعدها ستة أشهر، فلما خرج إلى حجة الوداع نزلت عليه في الطريق يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ قُلِ اللّٰهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِي الْكَلاٰلَةِ الآية،فسميت آية الصيف،ثمّ نزل عليه و هو واقف بعرفة اَلْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ فعاش بعدها واحدا و ثمانين يوما،ثم نزلت عليه آيات الربا،ثمّ نزل بعدها وَ اتَّقُوا يَوْماً تُرْجَعُونَ فِيهِ إِلَى اللّٰهِ و هي آخر آية نزلت من السماء،فعاش بعدها واحدا و عشرين يوما.

99-/— Translation: Al-Suddi and Ibn ‘Abbas said: Then was revealed: “There has certainly come to you a Messenger from among yourselves” (At-Tawbah 9:128). He lived six months after it. When he set out for the Farewell Pilgrimage, on the way there was revealed to him: “They ask you for a decision; say: Allah gives you a decision concerning the kalalah” (An-Nisa’ 4:176). It was called the verse of summer. Then, while he was standing at ‘Arafah, “This day have I perfected for you your religion” (Al-Ma’idah 5:3) was revealed, and he lived eighty-one days after it. Then the verses of usury were revealed, and after them was revealed: “And guard yourselves against a day in which you shall be returned to Allah,” which was the last verse sent down from heaven; he lived twenty-one days after it.

- Qur’an 9:128 (M. H. Shakir): “Certainly a Messenger has come to you from among yourselves; grievous to him is your falling into distress, excessively solicitous respecting you; to the believers he is compassionate, merciful.”

- Qur’an 4:176 (M. H. Shakir): “They ask you for a decision. Say: Allah gives you a decision concerning the person who has neither parents nor offspring; if a man dies and has no son and he has a sister, she shall have half of what he leaves, and he shall be her heir if she has no son; but if there are two sisters, they shall have two-thirds of what he leaves; and if there are brothers and sisters, the male shall have the like of the portion of two females; Allah makes clear to you, lest you err; and Allah has knowledge of all things.”

- Qur’an 5:3 (M. H. Shakir) [clause cited]: “This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion…”

- Qur’an 2:281 (M. H. Shakir) [the cited warning]: “And guard yourselves against a day in which you shall be returned to Allah, then every soul shall be paid back in full what it has earned, and they shall not be dealt with unjustly.”

قوله تعالى:

يٰا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذٰا تَدٰايَنْتُمْ بِدَيْنٍ إِلىٰ أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى فَاكْتُبُوهُ -إلى قوله تعالى- بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ[282]

- Qur’an 2:282 (M. H. Shakir): “O you who believe! when you deal with each other in contracting a debt for a fixed time, write it down; and let a scribe write it down between you with fairness; and no scribe should refuse to write as Allah has taught him, so he should write; and let him who owes the debt dictate, and he should be careful of (his duty to) Allah his Lord, and not diminish anything from it; but if he who owes the debt is unsound in understanding, or weak, or (if) he is not able to dictate himself, let his guardian dictate with fairness; and call in to witness from among your men two witnesses; but if there are not two men, then one man and two women from among those whom you approve of the witnesses, so that if one of the two errs, the other of the two may remind her; and the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned; and be not averse to writing it (whether it is) small or large, with the time of its falling due; this is more equitable in the sight of Allah and assures greater accuracy in testimony, and the nearest (way) that you may not entertain doubts (afterwards), except when it is ready merchandise which you give and take among yourselves from hand to hand, then there is no blame on you in not writing it down; and have witnesses when you barter with one another, and let no harm be done to the scribe or to the witness; and if you do (it), then surely it will be a transgression in you, and be careful of (your duty to) Allah, for Allah teaches you, and Allah knows all things.”

/1551 _1-قال عليّ بن إبراهيم:أما قوله تعالى: يٰا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذٰا تَدٰايَنْتُمْ بِدَيْنٍ إِلىٰ أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى فَاكْتُبُوهُ

فَقَدْ رُوِيَ فِي الْخَبَرِ: أَنَّ فِي الْبَقَرَةِ خَمْسَ مِائَةِ حُكْمٍ ،و في هذه الآية خمسة عشر حكما،و هو قوله: يٰا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذٰا تَدٰايَنْتُمْ بِدَيْنٍ إِلىٰ أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى فَاكْتُبُوهُ وَ لْيَكْتُبْ بَيْنَكُمْ كٰاتِبٌ بِالْعَدْلِ وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ كٰاتِبٌ أَنْ يَكْتُبَ كَمٰا عَلَّمَهُ اللّٰهُ ثلاثة أحكام فَلْيَكْتُبْ أربعة أحكام وَ لْيُمْلِلِ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ الْحَقُّ خمسة أحكام،و هو إقراره إذا أملاه.

وَ لْيَتَّقِ اللّٰهَ رَبَّهُ وَ لاٰ يَبْخَسْ مِنْهُ شَيْئاً و لا يخونه ستة أحكام فَإِنْ كٰانَ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ الْحَقُّ سَفِيهاً أَوْ ضَعِيفاً أَوْ لاٰ يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يُمِلَّ هُوَ أي لا يحسن أن يمل فَلْيُمْلِلْ وَلِيُّهُ بِالْعَدْلِ يعني ولي المال سبعة أحكام وَ اسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجٰالِكُمْ ثمانية أحكام فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُونٰا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَ امْرَأَتٰانِ مِمَّنْ تَرْضَوْنَ مِنَ الشُّهَدٰاءِ أَنْ تَضِلَّ إِحْدٰاهُمٰا فَتُذَكِّرَ إِحْدٰاهُمَا الْأُخْرىٰ يعني أن تنسى إحداهما فتذكر الأخرى تسعة أحكام وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا عشرة أحكام.

وَ لاٰ تَسْئَمُوا أَنْ تَكْتُبُوهُ صَغِيراً أَوْ كَبِيراً إِلىٰ أَجَلِهِ أي لا تضجروا أن تكتبوه صغير السن أو كبيرا أحد عشر حكما ذٰلِكُمْ أَقْسَطُ عِنْدَ اللّٰهِ وَ أَقْوَمُ لِلشَّهٰادَةِ وَ أَدْنىٰ أَلاّٰ تَرْتٰابُوا أي لا تشكوا إِلاّٰ أَنْ تَكُونَ تِجٰارَةً حٰاضِرَةً تُدِيرُونَهٰا بَيْنَكُمْ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنٰاحٌ أَلاّٰ تَكْتُبُوهٰا اثنا عشر حكما وَ أَشْهِدُوا إِذٰا تَبٰايَعْتُمْ ثلاثة عشر حكما وَ لاٰ يُضَارَّ كٰاتِبٌ وَ لاٰ شَهِيدٌ أربعة عشر حكما وَ إِنْ تَفْعَلُوا فَإِنَّهُ فُسُوقٌ بِكُمْ خمسة عشر حكما

99-/1551 - Translation: ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said regarding Allah’s word “O you who believe! when you deal with each other in contracting a debt for a fixed time, write it down”: It has been reported that there are five hundred legal rulings in al-Baqarah, and in this verse there are fifteen rulings. They are in His words: “O you who believe! when you deal with each other in contracting a debt for a fixed time, write it down, and let a scribe write it down between you with fairness, and no scribe should refuse to write as Allah has taught him”—three rulings; “so he should write”—a fourth ruling; “and let him who owes the debt dictate”—a fifth ruling, which is his acknowledgement when he dictates. “And let him be careful of Allah his Lord, and not diminish anything from it, and let him not betray [it]”—six rulings. “But if he who owes the debt is unsound in understanding, or weak, or is not able to dictate himself, let his guardian dictate with fairness”—meaning the guardian of the property—seven rulings. “And call in to witness from among your men two witnesses”—eight rulings. “But if there are not two men, then one man and two women from among those whom you approve as witnesses, so that if one of the two errs the other may remind her”—that is, if one forgets the other reminds her—nine rulings. “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned”—ten rulings. “And be not averse to writing it, small or great, with the time of its falling due”—that is, do not be weary of writing it down, whether the person is young or old—eleven rulings. “This is more equitable in the sight of Allah, and assures greater accuracy in testimony, and the nearest (way) that you may not entertain doubts; except when it is ready merchandise which you give and take among yourselves, then there is no blame on you in not writing it down”—twelve rulings. “And have witnesses when you barter with one another”—thirteen rulings. “And let no harm be done to the scribe or the witness”—fourteen rulings. “And if you do (it), then surely it will be a transgression in you”—fifteen rulings.

_1) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:94.

[1] التوبة 9:128. At-Tawbah 9:128

[2] النساء 4:176. An-Nisā’ 4:176

[3] المائدة 5:3. Al-Mā’idah 5:3

وَ اتَّقُوا اللّٰهَ وَ يُعَلِّمُكُمُ اللّٰهُ وَ اللّٰهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ .

99-/— Translation: “And be careful of (your duty to) Allah, and Allah teaches you, and Allah has knowledge of all things.” (Qur’an 2:282, M. H. Shakir)

99-/1552 _2- الشَّيْخُ فِي(التَّهْذِيبِ):بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ فَضَّالٍ،عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ أَحْمَدَ ابْنَيِ الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِمَا،عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عُمَرَ،عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: سَأَلَهُ أَبِي وَ أَنَا حَاضِرٌ عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: حَتّٰى إِذٰا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ قَالَ:«الاِحْتِلاَمُ».قَالَ:فَقَالَ:«يَحْتَلِمُ فِي سِتَّ عَشْرَةَ وَ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَ نَحْوِهَا».

قَالَ:إِذَا أَتَتْ عَلَيْهِ ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَ نَحْوُهَا؟فَقَالَ:«لاَ،إِذَا أَتَتْ ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً كُتِبَتْ لَهُ الْحَسَنَاتُ، وَ كُتِبَتْ عَلَيْهِ السَّيِّئَاتُ،وَ جَازَ أَمْرُهُ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ سَفِيهاً أَوْ ضَعِيفاً».

فَقَالَ:وَ مَا السَّفِيهُ؟فَقَالَ:«الَّذِي يَشْتَرِي الدِّرْهَمَ بِأَضْعَافِهِ».

فَقَالَ:وَ مَا الضَّعِيفُ؟قَالَ:«الْأَبْلَهُ».

99-/1552 - Translation: Al-Shaykh in al-Tahdhīb, with his chain from ‘Ali b. al-Hasan b. Faddal, from Muhammad and Ahmad the sons of al-Hasan, from their father, from Ahmad b. ‘Umar, from ‘Abd Allah b. Sinan, from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him), said: My father asked him, while I was present, about the saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: “until when he reaches his maturity” (Al-Ahqaf 46:15). He said: “Puberty (al-ihtilām).” He said: “He becomes pubescent at sixteen, seventeen years, and around that.” He said: “And if thirteen years or so have passed over him?” He said: “No; when he reaches thirteen years, good deeds are written for him and evil deeds are written against him, and his transactions are valid—unless he is a spendthrift (safīh) or weak.” He said: “And what is the safīh?” He said: “The one who buys a dirham for multiples of its worth.” He said: “And what is the weak?” He said: “The simpleton.”

[1] الأحقاف 46:15. Al-Ahqāf 46:15

99-/1553 _3- الْعَيَّاشِيُّ:عَنِ ابْنِ سِنَانٍ،قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)مَتَى يُدْفَعُ إِلَى الْغُلاَمِ مَالُهُ؟قَالَ:«إِذَا بَلَغَ وَ أُونِسَ مِنْهُ رُشْدٌ،وَ لَمْ يَكُنْ سَفِيهاً أَوْ ضَعِيفاً».

قَالَ:قُلْتُ:فَإِنَّ مِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَبْلُغُ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَ سِتَّ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً،وَ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ؟قَالَ:«إِذَا بَلَغَ ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً جَازَ أَمْرُهُ،إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ سَفِيهاً أَوْ ضَعِيفاً».

قَالَ:قُلْتُ:وَ مَا السَّفِيهُ وَ الضَّعِيفُ؟قَالَ:«السَّفِيهُ:شَارِبُ الْخَمْرِ،وَ الضَّعِيفُ:اَلَّذِي يَأْخُذُ وَاحِداً بِاثْنَيْنِ».

99-/1553 - Translation: Al-‘Ayyashi, from Ibn Sinan, said: I said to Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him): When is a youth’s property handed over to him? He said: “When he attains puberty and discernible prudence (rushd) is observed from him, and he is not a safīh (spendthrift) or weak.” I said: “Among them are those who are fifteen or sixteen years old and have not attained [puberty]?” He said: “When he reaches thirteen years, his transactions are valid—unless he is a safīh or weak.” I said: “What are the safīh and the weak?” He said: “The safīh is a wine-drinker, and the weak is the one who takes one for two.”

99-/1554 _4- الشَّيْخُ فِي(التَّهْذِيبِ):بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ،عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ؛ وَ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حَدِيدٍ،عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ،عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ الْحُصَيْنِ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: فَرَجُلٌ وَ امْرَأَتٰانِ .

فَقَالَ:«ذَلِكَ فِي الدَّيْنِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ رَجُلاَنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَ امْرَأَتَانِ،وَ رَجُلٌ وَاحِدٌ وَ يَمِينُ الْمُدَّعِي إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنِ امْرَأَتَانِ، قَضَى بِذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)وَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)».

99-/1554 - Translation: Al-Shaykh in al-Tahdhīb, with his chain … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him), regarding His saying Most High: “then one man and two women”: He said: “That is in debts; if there are not two men, then one man and two women; and [if there is] one man and the oath of the claimant when there are not two women. The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) and the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) judged accordingly.”

99-/1555 _5- وَ قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْعَسْكَرِيُّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) فِي قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ اسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجٰالِكُمْ قَالَ:«قَالَ:أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجٰالِكُمْ قَالَ:مِنْ أَحْرَارِكُمْ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الْعُدُولِ قَالَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):اِسْتَشْهِدُوهُمْ لِتَحُوطُوا بِهِمْ أَدْيَانَكُمْ وَ أَمْوَالَكُمْ،وَ لِتَسْتَعْمِلُوا أَدَبَ اللَّهِ وَ وَصِيَّتَهُ،وَ إِنَّ فِيهَا النَّفْعَ

99-/1555 - Translation: And Imam Abu Muhammad al-‘Askari (peace be upon him) said regarding His saying, Mighty and Majestic: “And call in to witness two witnesses from among your men”: He said: The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said: “Two witnesses from among your men”—that is, from your free Muslim men who are just. He (peace be upon him) said: “Call them to witness so that you may protect by them your religion and your wealth, and so that you may practice the discipline of Allah and His bequest; for in it is benefit and blessing; do not oppose them lest regret overtake you when regret will not avail you.”

ثُمَّ قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)،يَقُولُ:ثَلاَثَةٌ لاَ يَسْتَجِيبُ اللَّهُ دُعَاءَهُمْ،بَلْ يَعْذِلُهُمْ وَ يُوَبِّخُهُمْ:

أَمَّا أَحَدُهُمْ:فَرَجُلٌ ابْتُلِيَ بِامْرَأَةِ سَوْءٍ فَهِيَ تُؤْذِيهِ وَ تُضَارُّهُ،وَ تَعِيبُ عَلَيْهِ دُنْيَاهُ فَتُنَغِّصُهَا وَ تُكَدِّرُهَا،وَ تُفْسِدُ عَلَيْهِ آخِرَتَهُ،فَهُوَ يَقُولُ:اَللَّهُمَّ يَا رَبِّ خَلِّصْنِي مِنْهَا.يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى:يَا أَيُّهَا الْجَاهِلُ قَدْ خَلَّصْتُكَ مِنْهَا وَ جَعَلْتُ بِيَدِكَ طَلاَقَهَا،وَ التَّخَلُّصُ مِنْهَا طَلاَقُهَا.

وَ الثَّانِي:رَجُلٌ مُقِيمٌ فِي بَلَدٍ قَدِ اسْتَوْبَلَهُ وَ لاَ يَحْضُرُ لَهُ فِيهِ كُلُّ مَا يُرِيدُهُ،وَ كُلُّ مَا الْتَمَسَهُ حَرَمُهُ،يَقُولُ:اَللَّهُمَّ خَلِّصْنِي مِنْ هَذَا[الْبَلَدِ]الَّذِي اسْتَوْبَلْتُهُ.يَقُولُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ:يَا عَبْدِي،قَدْ خَلَّصْتُكَ مِنْ هَذَا الْبَلَدِ،وَ قَدْ أَوْضَحْتُ لَكَ طُرُقَ الْخُرُوجِ،وَ مَكَّنْتُكَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ،فَاخْرُجْ مِنْهُ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ تَجْتَلِبْ عَافِيَتِي وَ تَسْتَرْزِقْنِي.

وَ الثَّالِثُ:رَجُلٌ أَوْصَاهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِأَنْ يَحْتَاطَ لِدَيْنِهِ بِشُهُودٍ،وَ كِتَابٍ،فَلَمْ يَفْعَلْ،وَ دَفَعَ مَالَهُ إِلَى غَيْرِ ثِقَةٍ،بِغَيْرِ وَثِيقَةٍ فَجَحَدَهُ أَوْ بَخَسَهُ،وَ هُوَ يَقُولُ:اَللَّهُمَّ يَا رَبِّ،رُدَّ عَلَيَّ مَالِي.يَقُولُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ:يَا عَبْدِي،قَدْ عَلَّمْتُكَ كَيْفَ تَسْتَوْثِقُ لِمَالِكَ فَيَكُونُ مَحْفُوظاً لِئَلاَّ يَتَعَرَّضَ لِلتَّلَفِ فَأَبَيْتَ،فَأَنْتَ الْآنَ تَدْعُونِي،وَ قَدْ ضَيَّعْتَ مَالَكَ وَ أَتْلَفْتَهُ،وَ غَيَّرْتَ وَصِيَّتِي،فَلاَ أََسْتَجِيبُ لَكَ.

ثُمَّ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ):أَلاَ فَاسْتَعْمِلُوا وَصِيَّةَ اللَّهِ تُفْلِحُوا وَ تَنْجَحُوا،وَ لاَ تُخَالِفُوهَا فَتَنْدَمُوا».

99-/1556 _6- وَ قَالَ الْإِمَامُ الْعَسْكَرِيُّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) فِي قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُونٰا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَ امْرَأَتٰانِ قَالَ:عَدَلَتِ امْرَأَتَانِ فِي الشَّهَادَةِ بِرَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ،فَإِذَا كَانَ رَجُلاَنِ أَوْ رَجُلٌ وَ امْرَأَتَانِ أَقَامُوا الشَّهَادَةَ قُضِيَ بِشَهَادَتِهِمْ.

قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):وَ بَيْنَا نَحْنُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)وَ هُوَ يُذَاكِرُنَا بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَ اسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجٰالِكُمْ قَالَ:أَحْرَارُكُمْ دُونَ عَبِيدِكُمْ،فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ قَدْ شَغَلَ بِخِدْمَةِ مَوَالِيهِمْ عَنْ تَحَمُّلِ الشَّهَادَاتِ،وَ عَنْ أَدَائِهَا،وَ لْيَكُونُوا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْكُمْ،فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ إِنَّمَا شَرَّفَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الْعُدُولَ بِقَبُولِ شَهَادَتِهِمْ،وَ جَعَلَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الشَّرَفِ الْعَاجِلِ لَهُمْ،وَ مِنْ ثَوَابِ دُنْيَاهُمْ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُنْقَلُوا إِلَى الْآخِرَةِ.إِذْ جَاءَتِ امْرَأَةٌ

99-/1556 - Translation: Then the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) say: “Three persons Allah does not answer their supplication, rather He reproaches them and rebukes them: One is a man afflicted with an evil wife who hurts and harms him, disparages his worldly life—making it bitter and troubled—and ruins his hereafter—yet he says: O Allah, my Lord, deliver me from her. Allah, Exalted, says: O ignorant one, I have made your deliverance from her in your hand and placed her divorce with you; deliverance from her is her divorce. The second is a man residing in a town he finds unhealthy and unsuitable, where what he seeks is withheld from him; he says: O Allah, deliver me from this town I have found unhealthy. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: O My servant, I have opened for you the ways out and enabled you—so leave it to another place, that you may seek My well-being and provision from Me. The third is a man whom Allah has instructed to safeguard his debt with witnesses and writing, but he did not; he gave his wealth to one untrustworthy, without a guarantee, and he denied it or underpaid it; then he says: O Allah, my Lord, restore my wealth to me. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: O My servant, I taught you how to secure your wealth so it would be preserved from destruction, but you refused; now you call upon Me after you have wasted and ruined your wealth and altered My instruction—I will not answer you.” Then the Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) said: “So practice Allah’s bequest and you will prosper and succeed; and do not oppose it lest you regret.” And Imam al-‘Askari (peace be upon him) said: The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) regarding His saying, Mighty and Majestic: “Then if there are not two men, then one man and two women”: Two women in testimony are equivalent to one man; and when there are two men, or one man and two women, and they establish the testimony, judgment is made by their testimony. The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said: While we were with the Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) and he was reminding us of His saying Most High: “And call in to witness two witnesses from among your men”—he said: “Your free men, not your slaves, for Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has occupied [slaves] with serving their masters from undertaking testimonies and delivering them. And let them be from the Muslims among you, for Allah has honored just Muslims by accepting their testimony, making that an immediate honor for them and a reward of this world before they are transferred to the Hereafter.” Then a woman came …

99-/— Translation (continuation): … and stood before the Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) and said: “May my father and mother be ransomed for you, O Messenger of Allah! I am the delegate of the women to you; there is no woman to whom my coming to you will be conveyed except that she will be glad. O Messenger of Allah, surely Allah, Mighty and Majestic, is the Lord of men and women, and you are the Messenger of Allah to men and women. So why are two women equal to one man in testimony and in inheritance?” The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) said: “O woman, that is a decree from an All-Just, All-Wise One who neither wrongs nor is biased nor acts out of partiality; what He withholds from you does not benefit Him, and what He grants you does not diminish Him; He manages affairs with His knowledge. O woman, because you are deficient in religion and intellect.” She said: “O Messenger of Allah, and what is the deficiency of our religion?” He said: “One of you sits for half her time not praying due to menstruation from the prayer to Allah, Exalted; and indeed you multiply cursing and are ungrateful for companionship; one of you may stay with a man for ten years or more, and he treats her well and is gracious to her, then if his hand tightens for a day or he disputes with her, she says to him: I have never seen any good from you. And for those among women whose nature is not like this, the portion of this deficiency that befalls her is a trial upon her, that she may be patient and Allah, Exalted, will magnify her reward—so rejoice.” Then the Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) said to her: “There is no wicked man except that a wicked woman is worse than him; and there is no righteous woman except that a righteous man is better than her. Allah has never equated a woman with a man except in the case of Allah’s equating Fatimah with ‘Ali (peace be upon them)—that is, in testimony.”

_6) -التفسير المنسوب إلى الإمام العسكريّ(عليه السّلام):372/651.

[1] في المصدر:و لا تخالفوهما. wa-lā tukhālifūhumā

[2] العذل:الملامة.«مجمع البحرين-عذل-5:422»،و في المصدر:يعذبهم. al-‘adhl: al-malāmah; fī al-maṣdar: yu‘adhdhibuhum

[3] في«ط»فيبغضها و يكدّرها. fī “Ṭ”: fayabghaduhā wa yukaddiruhā

[4] في المصدر:و التفصّي. fī al-maṣdar: wa at-tafaṣṣī

[5] في المصدر:طلّقها،و فيه زيادة:و انبذها عنك نبذ الجورب الخلق الممزّق. fī al-maṣdar: ṭalliqhā; wa fīhi ziyādah: wa nbid’hā ‘anka nabdha al-jawrabi al-khalaqi al-mumazzaq

[6] استوبلوا المدينة:أي استوخموها و لم توافق أبدانهم،يقال:هذه أرض وبلة:أي وبئة وخمة.«النهاية 5:146». istawbalū al-madīnah: ay istaūkhimūhā… arḍun wablah: wabī’ah wakhimah

[7] في المصدر:و تنجوا. fī al-maṣdar: wa tanjū

[8] في المصدر:يصلوا. fī al-maṣdar: yaṣilū

99-/1557 _7- الشَّيْخُ فِي(التَّهْذِيبِ):بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ،عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ،عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ سَالِمٍ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا ،قَالَ:«قَبْلَ الشَّهَادَةِ».

وَ قَوْلُهُ: وَ مَنْ يَكْتُمْهٰا فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ قَالَ:«بَعْدَ الشَّهَادَةِ».

99-/1557 - Translation: Al-Shaykh in al-Tahdhīb … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him), regarding Allah’s saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned”—he said: “This is before the testimony [is given].” And His saying: “And whoever conceals it, his heart is surely sinful”—he said: “This is after the testimony [has been taken].” (Both clauses from Qur’an 2:282–283)

99-/1558 _8- عَنْهُ:بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ،عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْفُضَيْلِ،عَنْ أَبِي الصَّبَّاحِ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .قَالَ:«لاَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ إِذَا دُعِيَ إِلَى شَهَادَةٍ يَشْهَدُ عَلَيْهَا أَنْ يَقُولَ:لاَ أَشْهَدُ لَكُمْ عَلَيْهَا».

99-/1558 - Translation: From him … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) regarding His saying Most High: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned.” He said: “It is not proper for anyone, when called to a testimony he can testify to, to say: I will not testify for you to it.” (Qur’an 2:282)

99-/1559 _9- وَ عَنْهُ:بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ،عَنِ النَّضْرِ،عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ،عَنْ جَرَّاحٍ الْمَدَائِنِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ: «إِذَا دُعِيتَ إِلَى الشَّهَادَةِ فَأَجِبْ».

99-/1559 - Translation: … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) said: “If you are called to testimony, then answer.” (Qur’an 2:282)

99-/1560 _10- وَ عَنْهُ:بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،عَنْ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عِيسَى،عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .فَقَالَ:«لاَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ إِذَا دُعِيَ إِلَى شَهَادَةٍ يَشْهَدُ عَلَيْهَا أَنْ يَقُولَ:لاَ أَشْهَدُ لَكُمْ».

99-/1560 - Translation: … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) regarding Allah’s saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned”: “It is not proper for anyone, when called to a testimony he can testify to, to say: I will not testify for you.” (Qur’an 2:282)

99-/1561 _11- وَ عَنْهُ:بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى،عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ،عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْفُضَيْلِ، عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .فَقَالَ:«إِذَا دَعَاكَ الرَّجُلُ لِتَشْهَدَ لَهُ[عَلَى دَيْنٍ،أَوْ حَقٍّ]لَمْ يَنْبَغِ لَكَ أَنْ تَتَقَاعَسَ عَنْهَا».

99-/1561 - Translation: … from Abu al-Hasan (peace be upon him) regarding Allah’s saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned.” He said: “If a man calls you to bear witness for him [to a debt or a right], it is not proper for you to hold back from it.” (Qur’an 2:282)

[1] في المصدر:تقاعس عنه. taqā‘asa ‘anhu

99-/1562 _12- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى،عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى،عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْفُضَيْلِ،عَنْ أَبِي الصَّبَّاحِ الْكِنَانِيِّ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .

قَالَ:«لاَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ إِذَا دُعِيَ إِلَى الشَّهَادَةِ أَنْ يَقُولَ.لاَ أَشْهَدُ لَكُمْ».

99-/1562 - Translation: Muhammad b. Ya‘qub … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) regarding Allah’s saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned.” He said: “It is not proper for anyone, when called to testimony, to say: I will not testify for you.” (Qur’an 2:282)

[2] في المصدر:إلى شهادة يشهد عليها. ilā shahādatin yash-hadu ‘alayhā

99-/1563 _13- عَنْهُ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ،عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ،عَنِ الْحَلَبِيِّ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،مِثْلُهُ،وَ قَالَ: «فَذَلِكَ قَبْلَ الْكِتَابِ».

99-/1563 - Translation: From him … from al-Halabi, from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him), similar, and he said: “That is before the writing [of the contract].” (Qur’an 2:282)

99-/1564 _14- الْعَيَّاشِيُّ:عَنْ زَيْدٍ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .قَالَ:«لاَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ إِذَا مَا دُعِيَ إِلَى الشَّهَادَةِ لِيَشْهَدَ عَلَيْهَا،أَنْ يَقُولَ:لاَ أَشْهَدُ لَكُمْ».

99-/1564 - Translation: Al-‘Ayyashi: from Zayd Abu Usāmah, from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him)… He said: “It is not proper for anyone, when called to a testimony to bear witness to it, to say: I will not testify for you.” (Qur’an 2:282)

[3] في المصدر:يزيد بن أسامة… والصواب ما في المتن… هو زيد بن يونس أبو أسامة الشحّام… راجع رجال النجاشيّ… معجم رجال الحديث…. fī al-maṣdar: Yazīd b. Usāmah… aṣ-ṣawāb mā fī al-matn… huwa Zayd b. Yūnus Abū Usāmah ash-Shahhām… rāji‘ Rijāl an-Najāshī… Mu‘jam Rijāl al-Ḥadīth

99-/1565 _15- عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْفُضَيْلِ،عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ مُوسَى(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .قَالَ:«إِذَا دَعَاكَ الرَّجُلُ لِتَشْهَدَ عَلَى دَيْنٍ أَوْ حَقٍّ لاَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ أَنْ يَتَقَاعَسَ عَنْهُ».

99-/1565 - Translation: From Muhammad b. al-Fudayl, from Abu al-Hasan Musa (peace be upon him), regarding Allah’s saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned.” He said: “If a man calls you to testify to a debt or a right, it is not proper for anyone to hold back from it.” (Qur’an 2:282)

[4] «ط»:دعاكم. “Ṭ”: da‘ākum

[5] في المصدر:عنها. fī al-maṣdar: ‘anhā

99-/1566 _16- عَنْ أَبِي الصَّبَّاحِ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .

قَالَ:«قَبْلَ الشَّهَادَةِ-قَالَ-:لاَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ إِذَا مَا دُعِيَ لِلشَّهَادَةِ أَنْ يَشْهَدَ عَلَيْهَا،أَنْ يَقُولَ:لاَ أَشْهَدُ لَكُمْ.وَ ذَلِكَ قَبْلَ الْكِتَابِ».

99-/1566 - Translation: From Abu as-Sabbāh, from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) regarding His saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned.” He said: “Before the testimony [is given]—he said—it is not proper for anyone, when called to a testimony to bear witness to it, to say: I will not testify for you. And that is before the writing [of the contract].” (Qur’an 2:282)

99-/1567 _17- عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ سَالِمٍ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَ لاٰ يَأْبَ الشُّهَدٰاءُ إِذٰا مٰا دُعُوا .

قَالَ:«قَبْلَ الشَّهَادَةِ».

99-/1567 - Translation: From Hishām b. Sālim, from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) regarding His saying: “And the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned.” He said: “Before the testimony.” (Qur’an 2:282)

قوله تعالى:

وَ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ عَلىٰ سَفَرٍ وَ لَمْ تَجِدُوا كٰاتِباً فَرِهٰانٌ مَقْبُوضَةٌ -إلى قوله- أَمٰانَتَهُ[283]

- Qur’an 2:283 (M. H. Shakir): “And if you are upon a journey and you do not find a scribe, then (there may be) a pledge taken in hand; but if one of you trusts another, then he who is trusted should deliver his trust, and let him be careful of (his duty to) Allah, his Lord; and do not conceal testimony, and whoever conceals it, his heart is surely sinful; and Allah knows what you do.”

99-/1568 _1- الشَّيْخُ فِي(التَّهْذِيبِ):بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ،عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ؛ وَ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حَدِيدٍ،عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ،عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ الْحُصَيْنِ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ عَلىٰ سَفَرٍ وَ لَمْ تَجِدُوا كٰاتِباً فَرِهٰانٌ مَقْبُوضَةٌ فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضاً فَلْيُؤَدِّ الَّذِي اؤْتُمِنَ أَمٰانَتَهُ :«أَيْ يَأْخُذُ مِنْهُ رَهْناً، فَإِنْ أَمِنَهُ وَ لَمْ يَأْخُذْ مِنْهُ رَهْناً فَلْيَتَّقِ اللَّهَ رَبَّهُ،الَّذِي يَأْخُذُ الْمَالَ».

99-/1568 - Translation: Al-Shaykh in al-Tahdhīb … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him), regarding His saying: “And if you are upon a journey and you do not find a scribe, then (there may be) a pledge taken in hand… but if one of you trusts another, then he who is trusted should deliver his trust”: “That is, he takes from him a pledge; but if he trusts him and does not take a pledge from him, then let the one who takes the money be careful of Allah his Lord.” (Qur’an 2:283)

99-/1569 _2- الْعَيَّاشِيُّ:عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى،عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: «لاَ رَهْنَ إِلاَّ مَقْبُوضاً».

99-/1569 - Translation: Al-‘Ayyashi, from Muhammad b. ‘Isa, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him), said: “There is no valid pledge except one taken into possession.” (Qur’an 2:283)

قوله تعالى:

وَ لاٰ تَكْتُمُوا الشَّهٰادَةَ وَ مَنْ يَكْتُمْهٰا فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ[283]

- Qur’an 2:283 (M. H. Shakir) [clause]: “And do not conceal testimony, and whoever conceals it, his heart is surely sinful; and Allah knows what you do.”

99-/1570 _3- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ،عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ سَالِمٍ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ مَنْ يَكْتُمْهٰا فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ .قَالَ:«بَعْدَ الشَّهَادَةِ».

99-/1570 - Translation: Muhammad b. Ya‘qub … from Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him) regarding His saying: “And whoever conceals it, his heart is surely sinful.” He said: “That is after the testimony [has been taken].” (Qur’an 2:283)

99-/1571 _4- ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ فِي(الْفَقِيهِ):بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ جَابِرٍ،عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ:«قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ): مَنْ كَتَمَ الشَّهَادَةَ أَوْ شَهِدَ بِهَا لِيُهْدِرَ بِهَا دَمَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ،أَوْ لِيُتْوِيَ بِهَا مَالَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ أَتَى يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَ لِوَجْهِهِ ظُلْمَةٌ مَدَّ الْبَصَرِ،وَ فِي وَجْهِهِ كُدُوحٌ تَعْرِفُهُ الْخَلاَئِقُ بِاسْمِهِ وَ نَسَبِهِ،وَ مَنْ شَهِدَ شَهَادَةَ حَقٍّ لِيُحْيِيَ بِهَا مَالَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ أَتَى يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَ لِوَجْهِهِ نُورٌ مَدَّ الْبَصَرِ،تَعْرِفُهُ الْخَلاَئِقُ بِاسْمِهِ وَ نَسَبِهِ»ثُمَّ قَالَ أَبُو

99-/1571 - Translation: Ibn Bābawayh in (al-Faqīh), with his chain from Jābir, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him), said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah upon him and his Household) said: “Whoever conceals testimony, or testifies with it in order to shed thereby the blood of a Muslim, or to destroy thereby the wealth of a Muslim, will come on the Day of Resurrection with darkness upon his face as far as the sight can reach, and upon his face will be scars; the creatures will know him by his name and lineage. And whoever testifies with a true testimony to restore thereby the wealth of a Muslim will come on the Day of Resurrection with light upon his face as far as the sight can reach; the creatures will know him by his name and lineage.” Then Abu—

_1) -......

_2) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:525/156.

_3) -الكافي 7:2/381.

_4) -من لا يحضره الفقيه 3:114/35.

[1] التوى:مقصور و يمد،و هو هلاك المال.«مجمع البحرين-توا-1:71». at-tawā/at-tawī: halāku al-māl

[2] الكدوح:الخدوش،و كلّ أثر من خدش أو عضّ فهو كدح.«النهاية 4:155». al-kudūḥ: al-khudūsh; kullu atharin min khadshin aw ‘aḍḍin fahuwa kadḥ