S 30 Ayat 7 to 18
قوله تعالى:
يَعْلَمُونَ ظٰاهِراً مِنَ الْحَيٰاةِ الدُّنْيٰا -إلى قوله تعالى- وَ لَهُ الْحَمْدُ فِي السَّمٰاوٰاتِ وَ الْأَرْضِ وَ عَشِيًّا وَ حِينَ تُظْهِرُونَ [7-18]
The Words of Allah, the Exalted:
"They know the outward of this world's life, but of the hereafter they are absolutely heedless." — up to His saying — "And to Him belongs praise in the heavens and the earth, and at evening and when you are at midday." [Surat Ar-Rum 30:7-18, Translation: M. H. Shakir]
[7-18] /8320 _1-علي بن إبراهيم: يَعْلَمُونَ ظٰاهِراً مِنَ الْحَيٰاةِ الدُّنْيٰا يعني ما يرونه حاضرا وَ هُمْ عَنِ الْآخِرَةِ هُمْ غٰافِلُونَ ،قال:يرون حاضر الدنيا،و يتغافلون عن الآخرة.
قال:قوله: ثُمَّ كٰانَ عٰاقِبَةَ الَّذِينَ أَسٰاؤُا السُّواىٰ أَنْ كَذَّبُوا بِآيٰاتِ اللّٰهِ وَ كٰانُوا بِهٰا يَسْتَهْزِؤُنَ أي ظلموا و استهزءوا.
قال:قوله: وَ يَوْمَ تَقُومُ السّٰاعَةُ يُبْلِسُ الْمُجْرِمُونَ أَيْ يَئِسُوا وَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ مِنْ شُرَكٰائِهِمْ شُفَعٰاءُ يعني شركاء يعبدونهم،و يطيعونهم،لا يشفعون لهم.و قوله: وَ يَوْمَ تَقُومُ السّٰاعَةُ يَوْمَئِذٍ يَتَفَرَّقُونَ ،قال:إلى الجنة و النار فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَ عَمِلُوا الصّٰالِحٰاتِ فَهُمْ فِي رَوْضَةٍ يُحْبَرُونَ أي يكرمون.
قال:قوله: فَسُبْحٰانَ اللّٰهِ حِينَ تُمْسُونَ وَ حِينَ تُصْبِحُونَ* وَ لَهُ الْحَمْدُ فِي السَّمٰاوٰاتِ وَ الْأَرْضِ وَ عَشِيًّا وَ حِينَ تُظْهِرُونَ يقول:سبحان بالغداة،و العشي،و نصف النهار.
/8320 _1- ‘Ali ibn Ibrahim said regarding Allah’s saying:
"They know the outward of this world's life" — meaning: what they see present before them. "And they are heedless of the hereafter" — he said: They see the present world and neglect the Hereafter.
He said regarding Allah’s saying:
"Then the end of those who did evil was the worst, because they denied the signs of Allah and used to mock them" — meaning: they oppressed and mocked.
He said regarding Allah’s saying:
"And on the Day when the Hour shall come, the guilty shall despair" — meaning: they will lose hope. "And they shall not have any intercessors from among their partners" — meaning: the partners whom they used to worship and obey will not intercede for them.
And regarding Allah’s saying:
"And on the Day when the Hour shall come, on that day they shall be separated" — he said: (they will be separated) into Paradise and Hell.
"Then as for those who believed and did good deeds, they shall be made happy in a garden" — meaning: they shall be honored.
He said regarding Allah’s saying:
"So glory be to Allah when you enter upon the evening and when you enter upon the morning * And to Him belongs praise in the heavens and the earth, and at evening and when you are at midday" — he said: Glorify Allah in the morning, the evening, and at midday.
99-/8321 _2- ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ مَاجِيلَوَيْهِ،عَنْ عَمِّهِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْقَاسِمِ،عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ الْبَرْقِيِّ،عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَبَلَةَ،عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ،عَنْ آبَائِهِ،عَنْ جَدِّهِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ(عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: «جَاءَ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)،فَسَأَلَهُ أَعْلَمُهُمْ عَنْ مَسَائِلَ،فَكَانَ فِيمَا سَأَلَهُ،[أَنْ]قَالَ:أَخْبِرْنِي عَنِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،لِأَيِّ شَيْءٍ فَرَضَ هَذِهِ الْخَمْسَ صَلَوَاتٍ،فِي خَمْسِ مَوَاقِيتَ عَلَى أُمَّتِكَ،فِي سَاعَاتِ اللَّيْلِ وَ النَّهَارِ؟ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ):إِنَّ الشَّمْسَ عِنْدَ الزَّوَالِ لَهَا حَلْقَةٌ تَدْخُلُ فِيهَا،فَإِذَا دَخَلَتْ فِيهَا زَالَتِ الشَّمْسُ فَيُسَبِّحُ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ دُونَ الْعَرْشِ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّي جَلَّ جَلاَلُهُ،وَ هِيَ السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي يُصَلِّي عَلَيَّ فِيهَا رَبِّي،فَفَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ عَلِيَّ وَ عَلَى أُمَّتِي فِيهَا الصَّلاَةَ،وَ قَالَ: أَقِمِ الصَّلاٰةَ لِدُلُوكِ الشَّمْسِ إِلىٰ غَسَقِ اللَّيْلِ [1]،وَ هِيَ السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي يُؤْتَى فِيهَا بِجَهَنَّمَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ،فَمَا مِنْ مُؤْمِنٍ يُوَافِقُ [2] تِلْكَ السَّاعَةَ أَنْ يَكُونَ سَاجِداً،أَوْ رَاكِعاً،أَوْ قَائِماً،إِلاَّ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ جَسَدَهُ عَلَى النَّارِ.
وَ أَمَّا صَلاَةُ الْعَصْرِ،فَهِيَ السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي أَكَلَ فِيهَا آدَمُ مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَأَخْرَجَهُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ،فَأَمَرَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ ذُرِّيَّتَهُ بِهَذِهِ الصَّلاَةِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ،وَ اخْتَارَهَا لِأُمَّتِي،فَهِيَ مِنْ أَحَبِّ الصَّلَوَاتِ إِلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،وَ أَوْصَانِي أَنْ أَحْفَظَهَا مِنْ بَيْنِ الصَّلَوَاتِ.
99-/8321 _2- Ibn Babawayh said: Muhammad ibn ‘Ali Majilawayh narrated to us, from his uncle Muhammad ibn Abi al-Qasim, from Ahmad ibn Abi ‘Abdillah, from Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Barqi, from ‘Abdullah ibn Jabalah, from Mu‘awiyah ibn ‘Ammar, from al-Hasan ibn ‘Abdillah, from his fathers, from his grandfather al-Hasan ibn ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon them), who said:
A group of Jews came to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family), and the most learned among them asked him about various matters. Among what he asked was: “Tell me about Allah, the Mighty and Majestic—why did He impose these five prayers at five specific times upon your community during the hours of the night and day?”
The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said:
"Indeed, when the sun reaches its zenith, it enters a ring, and when it enters it, the sun declines. At that time, everything beneath the Throne glorifies Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, with praise. It is the hour in which my Lord sends blessings upon me, so Allah made it obligatory upon me and upon my community to perform prayer at that hour. And He said: Establish prayer from the declining of the sun till the darkness of the night [Surat Al-Isra 17:78]. And it is the hour when Hell is brought forth on the Day of Judgment, so no believer meets that hour, whether in prostration, bowing, or standing, except that Allah makes his body forbidden to the Fire."
"As for the ‘Asr prayer, it is the hour when Adam ate from the tree, and Allah expelled him from Paradise. Therefore, Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, commanded his offspring to perform this prayer until the Day of Judgment, and He selected it for my community. It is one of the most beloved prayers to Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, and He commanded me to preserve it among the prayers."
_1) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:153.
_2) -علل الشرائع:1/337.
[1] الإسراء 17:78.
[2] في«ج،ي،ط»:يوفّق.
Page 338 in Arabic
وَ أَمَّا صَلاَةُ الْمَغْرِبِ،فَهِيَ السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي تَابَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فِيهَا عَلَى آدَمَ،وَ كَانَ بَيْنَ مَا أَكَلَ مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ وَ بَيْنَ مَا تَابَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ ثَلاَثُ مِائَةِ سَنَةٍ مِنْ أَيَّامِ الدُّنْيَا،وَ فِي أَيَّامِ الْآخِرَةِ يَوْمٌ كَأَلْفِ سَنَةٍ مَا بَيْنَ الْعَصْرِ وَ الْعِشَاءِ،فَصَلَّى آدَمُ ثَلاَثَ رَكَعَاتٍ:رَكْعَةً لِخَطِيئَتِهِ،وَ رَكْعَةً لِخَطِيئَةِ حَوَّاءَ،وَ رَكْعَةً لِتَوْبَتِهِ،فَافْتَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ هَذِهِ الرَّكَعَاتِ الثَّلاَثِ عَلَى أُمَّتِي،وَ هِيَ السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي يُسْتَجَابُ فِيهَا الدُّعَاءُ،فَوَعَدَنِي رَبِّي عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ أَنْ يَسْتَجِيبَ لِمَنْ دَعَاهُ فِيهَا،وَ هِيَ الصَّلاَةُ الَّتِي أَمَرَنِي بِهَا رَبِّي فِي قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: فَسُبْحٰانَ اللّٰهِ حِينَ تُمْسُونَ وَ حِينَ تُصْبِحُونَ .
*"As for the Maghrib prayer, it is the hour during which Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, accepted the repentance of Adam. Between the time when he ate from the tree and when Allah accepted his repentance, there were three hundred years of the days of this world, and in the days of the Hereafter, a single day is like a thousand years — specifically between ‘Asr and ‘Isha’. So Adam performed three rak‘ahs: one rak‘ah for his own sin, one rak‘ah for the sin of Hawwa (Eve), and one rak‘ah for his repentance. Therefore, Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, made these three rak‘ahs obligatory upon my community. It is also the hour in which supplications are answered. My Lord, the Mighty and Majestic, promised me that He will respond to whoever calls upon Him at that time.
And it is the prayer concerning which my Lord commanded me in His saying: So glory be to Allah when you enter upon the evening and when you enter upon the morning. [Surat Ar-Rum 30:17, M. H. Shakir]"*
وَ أَمَّا صَلاَةُ الْعِشَاءِ الْآخِرَةُ،فَإِنَّ لِلْقَبْرِ ظُلْمَةً،وَ لِيَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ ظُلْمَةً،فَأَمَرَنِي اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ أُمَّتِي بِهَذِهِ الصَّلاَةِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ لِتُنَوِّرَ الْقُبُورَ،وَ لِيُعْطِيَنِي وَ أُمَّتِي النُّورَ عَلَى الصِّرَاطِ،وَ مَا مِنْ قَدَمٍ مَشَتْ إِلَى صَلاَةِ الْعَتَمَةِ [1] إِلاَّ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ جَسَدَهَا عَلَى النَّارِ،وَ هِيَ الصَّلاَةُ الَّتِي اخْتَارَهَا اللَّهُ لِلْمُرْسَلِينَ قَبْلِي.
وَ أَمَّا صَلاَةُ الْفَجْرِ،فَإِنَّ الشَّمْسَ إِذَا طَلَعَتْ تَطْلُعُ عَلَى قَرْنَيْ شَيْطَانٍ،فَأَمَرَنِي اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ أَنْ أُصَلِّيَ صَلاَةَ الْغَدَاةِ قَبْلَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ،وَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْجُدَ لَهَا الْكَافِرُ،فَتَسْجُدُ أُمَّتِي لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،وَ سُرْعَتُهَا أَحَبُّ إِلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ، وَ هِيَ الصَّلاَةُ الَّتِي تَشْهَدُهَا مَلاَئِكَةُ اللَّيْلِ،وَ مَلاَئِكَةُ النَّهَارِ.قَالَ الْيَهُودِيُّ:صَدَقْتَ،يَا مُحَمَّدُ».
وَ رَوَاهُ فِي(مَنْ لاَ يَحْضُرُهُ الْفَقِيهُ)مُرْسَلاً،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) [2].
"As for the ‘Isha’ (night) prayer, indeed the grave has darkness, and the Day of Resurrection has darkness. Therefore, Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, commanded me and my community to perform this prayer at this time so that it may illuminate the graves and grant me and my community light upon the Sirat (Bridge over Hellfire). There is no foot that walks to the night prayer except that Allah makes its body forbidden to the Fire. It is the prayer that Allah chose for the Messengers before me."
"As for the Fajr (dawn) prayer, when the sun rises, it rises between the horns of Satan. So Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, commanded me to perform the morning prayer before the rising of the sun and before the disbeliever prostrates to it, so that my community prostrates to Allah, the Mighty and Majestic. Its quickness (being prayed early) is more beloved to Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, and it is the prayer witnessed by the angels of the night and the angels of the day."
The Jew said: "You have spoken the truth, O Muhammad."
And this narration is also reported in Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih in a mursal (disconnected) form from al-Hasan (peace be upon him). [2]