Al-Isra Ayah 36

الإسراء آيه 36

وَ لا تَقْفُ ما لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤادَ كُلُّ أُولئِكَ كانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً [الإسراء 17:36]

Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about. (M. H. Shakir)

99-/6365 _3-

عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ،قَالَ:قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ): «إِذَا بَلَغَ الْعَبْدُ ثَلاَثاً وَ ثَلاَثِينَ سَنَةً فَقَدْ بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ،وَ إِذَا بَلَغَ أَرْبَعِينَ فَقَدْ انْتَهَى مُنْتَهَاهُ،فَإِذَا بَلَغَ إِحْدَى وَ أَرْبَعِينَ فَهُوَ فِي النُّقْصَانِ،وَ يَنْبَغِي لِصَاحِبِ الْخَمْسِينَ أَنْ يَكُونَ كَمَنْ هُوَ فِي النَّزْعِ».

99-/6365 _3- Abu Basir said: Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him) said: When a servant reaches thirty-three years, he has reached his full strength; and when he reaches forty, he has come to the end of his peak; then when he reaches forty-one, he is in decline; and the one who is fifty ought to be like a person in the throes [of death].

99-/6366 _4-

عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ: «إِذَا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ:اَلاِحْتِلاَمُ،ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً».

99-/6366 _4- From ‘Abdullah b. Sinan, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), who said: “When he reaches his full strength: it is puberty, thirteen years.”

/6367 _5-

قال عليّ بن إبراهيم:قوله: وَ لاٰ تَقْرَبُوا مٰالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلاّٰ بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ يعني:بالمعروف،و لا يسرف.قال:و قوله: وَ أَوْفُوا بِالْعَهْدِ يعني:إذا عاهدت إنسانا،فأوف له.قال:و قوله: إِنَّ الْعَهْدَ كٰانَ مَسْؤُلاً يعني:يوم القيامة. قال:و قوله: وَ أَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ إِذٰا كِلْتُمْ وَ زِنُوا بِالْقِسْطٰاسِ الْمُسْتَقِيمِ أي بالاستواء [1].

/6367 _5- ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said regarding His saying: And do not approach the property of the orphan except in the best manner: meaning, with what is acknowledged as right, and do not be extravagant. And His saying: And fulfill the covenant: meaning, when you make a covenant with someone, then fulfill it for him. And His saying: Surely (about) the covenant will be inquired into: meaning, on the Day of Resurrection. And His saying: And give full measure when you measure out, and weigh with a true balance: meaning, with evenness.

Quranic references and translations:

- وَ لا تَقْرَبُوا مالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلاَّ بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ وَ أَوْفُوا بِالْعَهْدِ إِنَّ الْعَهْدَ كانَ مَسْؤُلاً [الإسراء 17:34]

And do not approach the property of the orphan except in the best manner until he attains his maturity, and fulfill the promise; surely the promise shall be questioned about. (M. H. Shakir)

- وَ أَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ إِذا كِلْتُمْ وَ زِنُوا بِالْقِسْطاسِ الْمُسْتَقِيمِ [الإسراء 17:35]

And give full measure when you measure out and weigh with a true balance. (M. H. Shakir)

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قَالَ:وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي الْجَارُودِ،عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ: «الْقِسْطَاسُ الْمُسْتَقِيمُ فَهُوَ الْمِيزَانُ الَّذِي لَهُ لِسَانٌ».

99-/6368 _6- He said: And in the narration of Abu al-Jarud, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him), he said: “The straight balance is the scale that has a tongue [indicator].”

قوله تعالى:

وَ لاٰ تَقْفُ مٰا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً [الإسراء 17:36]

Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about. (M. H. Shakir)

/6369 _1-

قال عليّ بن إبراهيم،في قوله تعالى: وَ لاٰ تَقْفُ مٰا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ قال:لا ترم أحدا بما ليس لك به علم،

قَالَ:قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ): «مَنْ بَهَتَ مُؤْمِناً أَوْ مُؤْمِنَةً أُقِيمَ فِي طِينَةِ خَبَالٍ،أَوْ يَخْرُجَ مِمَّا قَالَ».

/6369 _1- ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said, regarding His saying, Do not follow what you have no knowledge of: do not accuse anyone with that for which you have no knowledge. He said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah be upon him and his family) said: “Whoever slanders a believing man or woman with a calumny will be made to stand in the mire of filth, unless he retracts what he said.”

99-/6370 _2-

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى،عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ،عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ،عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي يَعْفُورٍ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ: «مَنْ بَهَتَ مُؤْمِناً أَوْ مُؤْمِنَةً بِمَا لَيْسَ فِيهِ بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ فِي طِينَةِ خَبَالٍ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِمَّا قَالَ».

قُلْتُ:وَ مَا طِينَةُ خَبَالٍ؟قَالَ:«صَدِيدٌ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ فُرُوجِ الْمُومِسَاتِ».

99-/6370 _2- Muhammad b. Ya‘qub— from Muhammad b. Yahya, from Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Isa, from al-Hasan b. Mahbub, from Malik b. ‘Atiyyah, from Ibn Abi Ya‘fur, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him)— said: “Whoever slanders a believing man or woman with what is not in him/her, Allah will raise him in the mire of filth until he retracts what he said.” I said: And what is the mire of filth? He said: “Pus that flows from the vaginas of prostitutes.”

_3) -تفسير العيّاشي 2:72/292.

_3) -Tafsir al-‘Ayyashi 2:72/292.

_4) -تفسير العيّاشي 2:73/292.

_4) -Tafsir al-‘Ayyashi 2:73/292.

_5) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:19.

_5) -Tafsir al-Qummi 2:19.

_6) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:19.

_6) -Tafsir al-Qummi 2:19.

_1) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:19.

_1) -Tafsir al-Qummi 2:19.

_2) -الكافي 2:5/266.

_2) -al-Kafi 2:5/266.

[1] في المصدر:بالسواء.

[1] fi al-masdar: bi-l-sawā’.

99-/6371 _3-

وَ عَنْهُ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ هَارُونَ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ،عَنْ مَسْعَدَةَ بْنِ زِيَادٍ،قَالَ: كُنْتُ عِنْدَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)فَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ:بِأَبِي أَنْتَ وَ أُمِّي،إِنِّي أَدْخُلُ كَنِيفاً لِي،وَ لِي جِيرَانٌ عِنْدَهُمْ جَوَارٍ يَتَغَنَّيْنَ وَ يَضْرِبْنَ بِالْعُودِ،فَرُبَّمَا أَطَلْتُ الْجُلُوسَ اسْتِمَاعاً مِنِّي لَهُنَّ،فَقَالَ:«لاَ تَفْعَلْ».

فَقَالَ الرَّجُلُ:وَ اللَّهِ،مَا أَتَيْتُهُنَّ،إِنَّمَا هُوَ سَمَاعٌ أَسْمَعُهُ بِأُذُنِي.فَقَالَ:«لِلَّهِ أَنْتَ!أَ مَا سَمِعْتَ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ يَقُولُ:

إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً ؟!»فَقَالَ:بَلَى وَ اللَّهِ،لَكَأَنِّي لَمْ أَسْمَعْ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ مِنْ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ مِنْ أَعْجَمِيٍّ وَ لاَ عَرَبِيٍّ،لاَ جَرَمَ أَنِّي لاَ أَعُودُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ،وَ إِنِّي لَأَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ.

فَقَالَ لَهُ:«قُمْ فَاغْتَسِلْ وَ صَلِّ مَا بَدَا لَكَ،فَإِنَّكَ كُنْتَ مُقِيماً عَلَى أَمْرٍ عَظِيمٍ،مَا كَانَ أَسْوَأَ حَالَكَ لَوْ مِتَّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ!اِحْمَدِ اللَّهَ وَ اسْأَلْهُ التَّوْبَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ مَا يَكْرَهُ،فَإِنَّهُ لاَ يَكْرَهُ إِلاَّ كُلَّ قَبِيحٍ،وَ الْقَبِيحَ دَعْهُ لِأَهْلِهِ فَإِنَّ لِكُلٍّ أَهْلاً».

99-/6371 _3- And from him— from ‘Ali b. Ibrahim, from Harun b. Muslim, from Mas‘adah b. Ziyad— who said: I was with Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him). A man said to him: May I be your ransom; I go into my privy, and I have neighbors who have maidservants who sing and play the lute, and I sometimes prolong my sitting to listen to them. He said: “Do not do that.” The man said: By Allah, I do not go to them; it is only a sound that I hear with my ears. He said: “For Allah’s sake! Have you not heard that Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir)?” He said: Yes, by Allah— as though I had never heard this verse from the Book of Allah from any non-Arab or Arab. I will certainly not return to it, God willing, and I seek Allah’s forgiveness. He said to him: “Rise, perform a ghusl, and pray whatever you wish, for you were persisting in a great matter. How wretched your state would have been had you died upon that! Praise Allah and ask Him for repentance from everything He dislikes, for He dislikes only what is ugly; and leave the ugly to its people, for every thing has its people.”

99-/6372 _4-

وَ عَنْهُ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنْ بَكْرِ بْنِ صَالِحٍ عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ بُرَيْدٍ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الزُّبَيْرِيُّ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)-فِي حَدِيثٍ طَوِيلٍ-قَالَ: «وَ فَرَضَ عَلَى السَّمْعِ أَنْ يَتَنَزَّهَ عَنِ الاِسْتِمَاعِ إِلَى مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ،وَ أَنْ يُعْرِضَ عَمَّا لاَ يَحِلُّ لَهُ مِمَّا نَهَى اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ عَنْهُ،وَ الْإِصْغَاءِ إِلَى مَا أَسْخَطَ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،فَقَالَ فِي ذَلِكَ:

وَ قَدْ نَزَّلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الْكِتٰابِ أَنْ إِذٰا سَمِعْتُمْ آيٰاتِ اللّٰهِ يُكْفَرُ بِهٰا وَ يُسْتَهْزَأُ بِهٰا فَلاٰ تَقْعُدُوا مَعَهُمْ حَتّٰى يَخُوضُوا فِي حَدِيثٍ غَيْرِهِ [2] ،ثُمَّ اسْتَثْنَى اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ مَوْضِعَ النِّسْيَانِ،فَقَالَ: وَ إِمّٰا يُنْسِيَنَّكَ الشَّيْطٰانُ فَلاٰ تَقْعُدْ بَعْدَ الذِّكْرىٰ مَعَ الْقَوْمِ الظّٰالِمِينَ [3]،وَ قَالَ: فَبَشِّرْ عِبٰادِ* اَلَّذِينَ يَسْتَمِعُونَ الْقَوْلَ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ أَحْسَنَهُ أُولٰئِكَ الَّذِينَ هَدٰاهُمُ اللّٰهُ وَ أُولٰئِكَ هُمْ أُولُوا الْأَلْبٰابِ [4]،وَ قَالَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: قَدْ أَفْلَحَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ* اَلَّذِينَ هُمْ فِي صَلاٰتِهِمْ خٰاشِعُونَ* وَ الَّذِينَ هُمْ عَنِ اللَّغْوِ مُعْرِضُونَ* وَ الَّذِينَ هُمْ لِلزَّكٰاةِ فٰاعِلُونَ [5]،وَ قَالَ: وَ إِذٰا سَمِعُوا اللَّغْوَ أَعْرَضُوا عَنْهُ وَ قٰالُوا لَنٰا أَعْمٰالُنٰا وَ لَكُمْ أَعْمٰالُكُمْ [6]،وَ قَالَ: وَ إِذٰا مَرُّوا بِاللَّغْوِ مَرُّوا كِرٰاماً [7]فَهَذَا مَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَى السَّمْعِ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ أَنْ لاَ يُصْغِيَ إِلَى مَا لاَ يَحِلُّ لَهُ وَ هُوَ عَمَلُهُ،وَ هُوَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ.

وَ فَرَضَ عَلَى الْبَصَرِ أَنْ لاَ يَنْظُرَ إِلَى مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ،وَ أَنْ يُعْرِضَ عَمَّا نَهَى اللَّهُ عَنْهُ مِمَّا لاَ يَحِلُّ لَهُ،وَ هُوَ عَمَلُهُ، وَ هُوَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ،فَقَالَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى: قُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ يَغُضُّوا مِنْ أَبْصٰارِهِمْ وَ يَحْفَظُوا فُرُوجَهُمْ [8]فَنَهَاهُمْ أَنْ

99-/6372 _4- And from him— from ‘Ali b. Ibrahim, from his father, from Bakr b. Salih, from al-Qasim b. Burayd, who said: Abu ‘Amr al-Zubayri narrated to us, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him)— in a long hadith— he said: “He obligated upon the hearing that it keep away from listening to what Allah has forbidden, and that it turn away from that which is not lawful for it, from what Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has prohibited, and from paying attention to what angers Allah, Mighty and Majestic. Concerning that, He said: And indeed He has revealed to you in the Book that when you hear Allah’s communications disbelieved in and mocked at, do not sit with them until they engage in a talk other than that (al-Nisa’ 4:140; Shakir). Then Allah, Mighty and Majestic, made an exception for the case of forgetfulness, saying: And if the Shaitan causes you to forget, then do not sit after recollection with the unjust people (al-An‘am 6:68; Shakir). And He said: Therefore give good news to My servants, those who listen to the word, then follow the best of it; those are they whom Allah has guided, and those it is who are the men of understanding (al-Zumar 39:17-18; Shakir). And He, Mighty and Majestic, said: Successful indeed are the believers, who are humble in their prayers, and who keep aloof from what is vain, and who are givers of the poor-rate (al-Mu’minun 23:1-4; Shakir). And He said: And when they hear idle talk they turn away from it and say: Ours are our deeds and yours are your deeds (al-Qasas 28:55; Shakir). And He said: And they who do not bear witness to what is false, and when they pass by what is vain, they pass by nobly (al-Furqan 25:72; Shakir). This is what Allah has made obligatory upon the hearing as part of faith: that it not listen to what is not lawful for it— and this is its action, and it is of faith. And He obligated upon the sight that it not look at what Allah has forbidden to it, and that it turn away from what Allah has prohibited of that which is not lawful for it— and this is its action, and it is of faith. He, Blessed and Exalted, said: Say to the believing men that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts (al-Nur 24:30; Shakir), thus He forbade them…”

_3) -الكافي 6:10/432.

_3) -al-Kafi 6:10/432.

_4) -الكافي 2:1/28.

_4) -al-Kafi 2:1/28.

[1] الكنيف:الظلّة تشرع فوق باب الدار،و المرحاض.«المعجم الوسيط-كنف-2:801».

[1] al-kanif: al-zullah tushra‘ fawqa bab al-dar, wa al-marhad. “al-Mu‘jam al-Wasit – kanafa – 2:801”.

[2] النساء 4:140.

[2] al-Nisa’ 4:140.

[3] الأنعام 6:68.

[3] al-An‘am 6:68.

[4] الزمر 39:17-18.

[4] al-Zumar 39:17-18.

[5] المؤمنون 23:1-4.

[5] al-Mu’minun 23:1-4.

[6] القصص 28:55.

[6] al-Qasas 28:55.

[7] الفرقان 25:72.

[7] al-Furqan 25:72.

[8] النور 24:30.

[8] al-Nur 24:30.

…يَنْظُرُوا إِلَى عَوْرَاتِهِمْ،وَ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ الْمَرْءُ إِلَى فَرْجِ أَخِيهِ،وَ يَحْفَظَ فَرْجَهُ أَنْ يُنْظَرَ إِلَيْهِ،وَ قَالَ: وَ قُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنٰاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصٰارِهِنَّ وَ يَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ [1]مِنْ أَنْ تَنْظُرَ إِحْدَاهُنَّ إِلَى فَرْجِ أُخْتِهَا،وَ تَحْفَظَ فَرْجَهَا مِنْ أَنْ يُنْظَرَ إِلَيْهَا-وَ قَالَ- كُلُّ شَيْءٍ فِي الْقُرْآنِ مِنْ حِفْظِ الْفَرْجِ فَهُوَ مِنَ الزِّنَا إِلاَّ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ،فَإِنَّهَا مِنَ النَّظَرِ.

ثُمَّ نَظَمَ مَا فَرَضَ عَلَى الْقَلْبِ وَ اللِّسَانِ وَ السَّمْعِ وَ الْبَصَرِ فِي آيَةٍ أُخْرَى،فَقَالَ: وَ مٰا كُنْتُمْ تَسْتَتِرُونَ أَنْ يَشْهَدَ عَلَيْكُمْ سَمْعُكُمْ وَ لاٰ أَبْصٰارُكُمْ وَ لاٰ جُلُودُكُمْ [2]يَعْنِي بِالْجُلُودِ الْفُرُوجَ وَ الْأَفْخَاذَ،وَ قَالَ: وَ لاٰ تَقْفُ مٰا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً فَهَذَا مَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَى الْعَيْنَيْنِ عَنْ غَضِّ الْبَصَرِ عَمَّا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،وَ هُوَ عَمَلُهُمَا،وَ هُوَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ».وَ الْحَدِيثُ طَوِيلٌ،ذَكَرْنَاهُ بِتَمَامِهِ فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَ إِذٰا مٰا أُنْزِلَتْ سُورَةٌ فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَقُولُ أَيُّكُمْ زٰادَتْهُ هٰذِهِ إِيمٰاناً مِنْ آخِرِ سُورَةِ بَرَاءَةَ [3].

“And that they not look at each other’s private parts, and that a man not look at his brother’s private part, and that he guard his own private part from being looked at. And He said: And say to the believing women that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts (al-Nur 24:31; Shakir)— meaning that one of them not look at her sister’s private part, and that she guard her own private part from being looked at. And he said: Everything in the Qur’an about guarding the private parts is about zina except this verse, for it is about gazing. Then He combined what He obligated upon the heart, the tongue, the hearing, and the sight in another verse, saying: And you did not hide yourselves lest your ears and your eyes and your skins should bear witness against you (Fussilat 41:22; Shakir)— by ‘skins’ He means the private parts and thighs— and He said: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir). This is what Allah has obligated upon the two eyes regarding lowering the gaze from what Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has forbidden— and this is their action, and it is of faith.” And the hadith is long; we have mentioned it in full under His saying: And whenever a surah is revealed, there are some of them who say: Which of you has this increased in faith? from the end of Surat Bara’ah [al-Tawbah].

99-/6373 _5-

ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِمْرَانَ الدَّقَّاقُ(رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ)،قَالَ:

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْكُوفِيُّ قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا سَهْلُ بْنُ زِيَادٍ الْآدَمِيُّ،عَنْ عَبْدِ الْعَظِيمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْحَسَنِيِّ،قَالَ:

حَدَّثَنِي سَيِّدِي عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ الرِّضَا(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنْ آبَائِهِ،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ [4] بْنِ عَلِيٍّ(عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ:

«قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ): إِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ مِنِّي بِمَنْزِلَةِ السَّمْعِ،وَ إِنَّ عُمَرَ مِنِّي بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْبَصَرِ،وَ إِنَّ عُثْمَانَ مِنِّي بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْفُؤَادِ-قَالَ-فَلَمَّا كَانَ مِنَ الْغَدِ دَخَلْتُ عَلَيْهِ وَ عِنْدَهُ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،وَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ،وَ عُمَرُ،وَ عُثْمَانُ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ:يَا أَبَتِ،سَمِعْتُكَ تَقُولُ فِي أَصْحَابِكَ هَؤُلاَءِ قَوْلاً،فَمَا هُوَ؟فَقَالَ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ):نَعَمْ؛ثُمَّ أَشَارَ بِيَدِهِ إِلَيْهِمْ،فَقَالَ:هُمُ السَّمْعُ وَ الْبَصَرُ وَ الْفُؤَادُ،وَ سَيُسْأَلُونَ عَنْ وَلاَيَةِ وَصِيِّي هَذَا؛وَ أَشَارَ إِلَى عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ).ثُمَّ قَالَ:إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً ثُمَّ قَالَ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ):وَ عِزَّةِ رَبِّي إِنَّ جَمِيعَ أُمَّتِي لَمَوْقُوفُونَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ،وَ مَسْئُولُونَ عَنْ وَلاَيَتِهِ،وَ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ قِفُوهُمْ إِنَّهُمْ مَسْؤُلُونَ [5]».

99-/6373 _5- Ibn Babawayh said: Abu al-Qasim ‘Ali b. Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Imran al-Daqqaq (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated to us, saying: Muhammad b. Abi ‘Abdillah al-Kufi narrated to us, saying: Sahl b. Ziyad al-Adami, from ‘Abd al-‘Azim b. ‘Abdillah al-Hasani, who said: My master ‘Ali b. Muhammad b. ‘Ali al-Rida (peace be upon him) narrated to me, from his father, from his forefathers, from al-Hasan b. ‘Ali (peace be upon them), who said: “The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah be upon him and his family) said: Abu Bakr, with respect to me, is in the position of hearing; and ‘Umar, with respect to me, is in the position of sight; and ‘Uthman, with respect to me, is in the position of the heart.” He said: The next day I entered upon him while the Commander of the Believers (peace be upon him), and Abu Bakr, and ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman were with him. I said to him: O my father, I heard you speak a saying about these companions of yours— what is it? He (blessings be upon him and his family) said: “Yes,” then he gestured with his hand towards them and said: “They are the hearing, the sight, and the heart, and they will be questioned about the wilayah of this legatee of mine”— and he pointed to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib (peace be upon him). Then he said: “Indeed Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir).” Then he (blessings be upon him and his family) said: “By the might of my Lord, all of my community will be halted on the Day of Resurrection and questioned about his wilayah— and that is the saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: And stop them, for they shall be questioned (al-Saffat 37:24; Shakir).”

99-/6374 _6-

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ،عَنْ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ الثُّمَالِيِّ،عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ:«قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ): لاَ تَزُولُ قَدَمُ عَبْدٍ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،حَتَّى يَسْأَلَهُ عَنْ أَرْبَعِ خِصَالٍ:عُمُرِكَ فِيمَا أَفْنَيْتَهُ،وَ جَسَدِكَ فِيمَا أَبْلَيْتَهُ،وَ مَالِكَ مِنْ أَيْنَ اكْتَسَبْتَهُ وَ أَيْنَ وَضَعْتَهُ؟وَ عَنْ حُبِّنَا أَهْلَ الْبَيْتِ».

99-/6374 _6- ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said: My father narrated to me, from al-Hasan b. Mahbub, from Abu Hamzah al-Thumali, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him), who said: “The Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah be upon him and his family) said: A servant’s feet will not move on the Day of Resurrection from before Allah, Mighty and Majestic, until He asks him about four things: your lifetime— how you spent it; your body— in what you wore it out; your wealth— from where you acquired it and where you put it; and about your love for us, the People of the House.”

99-/6375 _7-

الْعَيَّاشِيُّ:عَنِ الْحَسَنِ،قَالَ:كُنْتُ أُطِيلُ الْقُعُودَ فِي الْمَخْرَجِ لِأَسْمَعَ غِنَاءَ بَعْضِ الْجِيرَانِ،قَالَ:

فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،فَقَالَ لِي:«يَا حَسَنُ، إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً السَّمْعُ وَ مَا وَعَى،وَ الْبَصَرُ وَ مَا رَأَى،وَ الْفُؤَادُ وَ مَا عَقَدَ عَلَيْهِ».

99-/6375 _7- Al-‘Ayyashi— from al-Hasan— said: I used to prolong sitting in the latrine area to hear the singing of some neighbors. He said: I entered upon Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), and he said to me: “O Hasan, Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir): the hearing— and what it comprehended; the sight— and what it saw; and the heart— and what it resolved upon.”

99-/6376 _8-

عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ هَارُونَ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ: إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً .

قَالَ:«يُسْأَلُ السَّمْعُ عَمَّا يَسْمَعُ وَ الْبَصَرُ عَمَّا يَطْرِفُ،وَ الْفُؤَادُ عَمَّا يَعْقِدُ عَلَيْهِ».

99-/6376 _8- From al-Husayn b. Harun, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), regarding Allah’s saying: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about. He said: “The hearing will be asked about what it hears; the sight about what it glances at; and the heart about what it resolves upon.”

99-/6377 _9-

عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ،قَالَ: كُنْتُ عِنْدَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)فَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ:بِأَبِي أَنْتَ وَ أُمِّي،إِنِّي أَدْخُلُ كَنِيفاً لِي،وَ لِي جِيرَانٌ وَ عِنْدَهُمْ جَوَارٍ يُغَنِّينَ وَ يَضْرِبْنَ بِالْعُودِ،فَرُبَّمَا أُطِيلُ الْجُلُوسَ اسْتِمَاعاً مِنِّي لَهُنَّ؟فَقَالَ:«لاَ تَفْعَلْ».

فَقَالَ الرَّجُلُ:وَ اللَّهِ،مَا أَتَيْتُهُنَّ،إِنَّمَا هُوَ سَمَاعٌ أَسْمَعُهُ بِأُذُنِي.فَقَالَ لَهُ:«أَ مَا سَمِعْتَ اللَّهَ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً ؟!».قَالَ:بَلَى وَ اللَّهِ،فَكَأَنِّي لَمْ أَسْمَعْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ قَطُّ مِنْ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ مِنْ عَجَمِيٍّ وَ لاَ عَرَبِيٍّ،لاَ جَرَمَ أَنِّي لاَ أَعُودُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ،وَ إِنِّي أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ.فَقَالَ:«قُمْ وَ اغْتَسِلْ وَ صَلِّ مَا بَدَا لَكَ،فَإِنَّكَ كُنْتَ مُقِيماً عَلَى أَمْرٍ عَظِيمٍ،مَا كَانَ أَسْوَأَ حَالَكَ لَوْ مِتَّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ.اِحْمَدِ اللَّهَ وَ اسْأَلْهُ التَّوْبَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ مَا يَكْرَهُ،فَإِنَّهُ لاَ يَكْرَهُ إِلاَّ كُلَّ قَبِيحٍ،وَ الْقَبِيحَ دَعْهُ لِأَهْلِهِ،فَإِنَّ لِكُلٍّ أَهْلاً».

99-/6377 _9- From Abu Ja‘far: He said: I was with Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him). A man said to him: May I be your ransom; I go into my privy, and I have neighbors with maidservants who sing and play the lute; I sometimes prolong my sitting to listen to them. He said: “Do not do that.” The man said: By Allah, I do not go to them; it is only hearing with my ears. He said to him: “Have you not heard that Allah says: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir)?” He said: Yes, by Allah— as though I had never heard this verse from the Book of Allah at all from any non-Arab or Arab. I will certainly not return to it, God willing, and I seek Allah’s forgiveness. He said: “Rise, perform a ghusl, and pray whatever you wish, for you were persisting in a great matter. How wretched your state would have been had you died upon that! Praise Allah and ask Him for repentance from everything He dislikes, for He dislikes only what is ugly; and leave the ugly to its people, for every thing has its people.”

99-/6378 _10-

عَنْ أَبِي عَمْرٍو الزُّبَيْرِيِّ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ: «إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى فَرَضَ الْإِيمَانَ عَلَى جَوَارِحِ بَنِي آدَمَ وَ قَسَمَهُ عَلَيْهَا،فَلَيْسَ مِنْ جَوَارِحِهِ جَارِحَةٌ إِلاَّ وَ قَدْ وُكِّلَتْ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ بِغَيْرِ مَا وُكِّلَتْ بِهِ أُخْتُهَا،فَمِنْهَا عَيْنَاهُ اللَّتَانِ يَنْظُرُ بِهِمَا،وَ رِجْلاَهُ اللَّتَانِ يَمْشِي بِهِمَا؛فَفَرَضَ عَلَى الْعَيْنِ أَنْ لاَ تَنْظُرَ إِلَى مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ،وَ أَنْ تَغُضَّ عَمَّا نَهَاهُ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ مِمَّا لاَ يَحِلُّ لَهُ وَ هُوَ عَمَلُهُ،وَ هُوَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ،قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى: وَ لاٰ تَقْفُ مٰا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً فَهَذَا مَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ مِنْ غَضِّ الْبَصَرِ عَمَّا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَ هُوَ عَمَلُهُ [2]،وَ هُوَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ.

وَ فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَى الرِّجْلَيْنِ أَلاَّ يُمْشَى بِهِمَا إِلَى شَيْءٍ مِنْ مَعَاصِي اللَّهِ،وَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمَا الْمَشْيَ فِيمَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ

99-/6378 _10- From Abu ‘Amr al-Zubayri, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), who said: “Indeed Allah, Blessed and Exalted, has imposed faith upon the limbs of the children of Adam and apportioned it among them. There is no limb among his limbs except that there has been entrusted to it of faith other than what has been entrusted to its sister. Among them are his two eyes with which he sees, and his two legs with which he walks. So He has obligated upon the eye that it not look at what Allah has forbidden for it, and that it lower [its gaze] from what Allah has prohibited of what is not lawful for it— and this is its action, and it is of faith. Allah, Blessed and Exalted, said: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir). This is what Allah has obligated in lowering the gaze from what Allah has forbidden— and this is its action, and it is of faith. And Allah has obligated upon the two legs that one not walk with them to anything of the disobediences of Allah, and He has obligated upon them walking in what Allah has obligated…”

…فَقَالَ: وَ لاٰ تَمْشِ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَرَحاً إِنَّكَ لَنْ تَخْرِقَ الْأَرْضَ وَ لَنْ تَبْلُغَ الْجِبٰالَ طُولاً [1]،وَ قَالَ: وَ اقْصِدْ فِي مَشْيِكَ وَ اغْضُضْ مِنْ صَوْتِكَ إِنَّ أَنْكَرَ الْأَصْوٰاتِ لَصَوْتُ الْحَمِيرِ [2]».

“So He said: And do not go about in the land exultingly; surely you cannot cut through the earth nor reach the mountains in height (al-Isra 17:37; Shakir). And He said: And pursue the right course in your going about and lower your voice; surely the most hateful of voices is braying of the asses (Luqman 31:19; Shakir).”

99-/6379 _11-

الشَّيْخُ،فِي(التَّهْذِيبِ):عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) أَنَّ رَجُلاً جَاءَ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ:إِنَّ لِي جِيرَاناً وَ لَهُمْ جَوَارٍ يَتَغَنَّيْنَ وَ يَضْرِبْنَ بِالْعُودِ،فَرُبَّمَا دَخَلْتُ الْمَخْرَجَ فَأُطِيلُ الْجُلُوسَ اسْتِمَاعاً مِنِّي لَهُنَّ؟فَقَالَ لَهُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«لاَ تَفْعَلْ».

فَقَالَ:وَ اللَّهِ،مَا هُوَ شَيْءٌ أَتَيْتُهُ بِرِجْلِي،إِنَّمَا هُوَ سَمَاعٌ أَسْمَعُهُ بِأُذُنِي.فَقَالَ الصَّادِقُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«لِلَّهِ أَنْتَ!أَ مَا سَمِعْتَ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَ الْبَصَرَ وَ الْفُؤٰادَ كُلُّ أُولٰئِكَ كٰانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُلاً »؟!فَقَالَ الرَّجُلُ:كَأَنِّي لَمْ أَسْمَعْ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ مِنْ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ مِنْ عَرَبِيٍّ وَ لاَ عَجَمِيٍّ،لاَ جَرَمَ أَنِّي قَدْ تَرَكْتُهَا،وَ أَنِّي أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى.فَقَالَ لَهُ الصَّادِقُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«قُمْ فَاغْتَسِلْ وَ صَلِّ مَا بَدَا لَكَ،فَلَقَدْ كُنْتَ مُقِيماً عَلَى أَمْرٍ عَظِيمٍ،مَا كَانَ أَسْوَأَ حَالَكَ لَوْ مِتَّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ!اِسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ وَ اسْأَلْهُ التَّوْبَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ مَا يَكْرَهُ،فَإِنَّهُ لاَ يَكْرَهُ إِلاَّ الْقَبِيحَ،وَ الْقَبِيحَ دَعْهُ لِأَهْلِهِ،فَإِنَّ لِكُلٍّ أَهْلاً».

99-/6379 _11- Al-Shaykh, in al-Tahdhib: from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him) that a man came to him and said to him: I have neighbors, and they have maidservants who sing and play the lute. I sometimes enter the latrine and prolong my sitting to listen to them. He (peace be upon him) said to him: “Do not do that.” He said: By Allah, it is not something I go to with my feet; it is only a sound I hear with my ears. Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: “For Allah’s sake! Have you not heard that Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: Do not follow what you have no knowledge of; surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these shall be questioned about (al-Isra 17:36; Shakir)?” The man said: It is as if I have not heard this verse from the Book of Allah, Mighty and Majestic, from any Arab or non-Arab. I have certainly left it, and I seek Allah Most High’s forgiveness. Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) said to him: “Rise, perform a ghusl, and pray whatever you wish, for you were persisting in a great matter. How wretched your state would have been had you died upon that! Seek Allah’s forgiveness and ask Him for repentance from everything He dislikes, for He dislikes only the ugly; and leave the ugly to its people, for every thing has its people.”

قوله تعالى:

وَ لاٰ تَمْشِ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَرَحاً إِنَّكَ لَنْ تَخْرِقَ الْأَرْضَ وَ لَنْ تَبْلُغَ الْجِبٰالَ طُولاً -إلى قوله تعالى- أَ فَأَصْفٰاكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ بِالْبَنِينَ وَ اتَّخَذَ مِنَ الْمَلاٰئِكَةِ إِنٰاثاً [37-40]

And do not go about in the land exultingly; surely you cannot cut through the earth nor reach the mountains in height. Has your Lord then preferred to give you sons, and (for Himself) taken daughters from among the angels? (al-Isra 17:37-40; opening and closing phrasing cited; full translation per Shakir for 17:37 quoted above)

99-/6380 _1-

علي بن إبراهيم،قال في قوله تعالى: وَ لاٰ تَمْشِ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَرَحاً :أي بطرا و فرحا إِنَّكَ لَنْ تَخْرِقَ الْأَرْضَ أي لم تبلغها كلها: وَ لَنْ تَبْلُغَ الْجِبٰالَ طُولاً أي لا تقدر أن تبلغ قلل الجبال.

99-/6380 _1- ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said regarding His saying: And do not go about in the land exultingly: that is, in insolent pride and gloating joy. Surely you cannot cut through the earth: that is, you will not traverse all of it. Nor reach the mountains in height: that is, you are not able to reach the summits of the mountains.

99-/6381 _2-

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنْ بَكْرِ بْنِ صَالِحٍ،عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ بُرَيْدٍ،قَالَ:

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الزُّبَيْرِيُّ،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)قَالَ: «فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَى الرِّجْلَيْنِ أَنْ لاَ يُمْشَى بِهِمَا إِلَى شَيْءٍ مِنْ مَعَاصِي اللَّهِ،وَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمَا الْمَشْيَ إِلَى مَا يُرْضِي اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَقَالَ: وَ لاٰ تَمْشِ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَرَحاً إِنَّكَ لَنْ تَخْرِقَ الْأَرْضَ وَ لَنْ تَبْلُغَ الْجِبٰالَ طُولاً ،وَ قَالَ:

99-/6381 _2- Muhammad b. Ya‘qub— from ‘Ali b. Ibrahim, from his father, from Bakr b. Salih, from al-Qasim b. Burayd— said: Abu ‘Amr al-Zubayri narrated to us, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), who said: “Allah has obligated upon the two legs that one not walk with them to anything of the disobediences of Allah, and He has obligated upon them walking to what pleases Allah, Mighty and Majestic; so He said: And do not go about in the land exultingly; surely you cannot cut through the earth nor reach the mountains in height (al-Isra 17:37; Shakir). And He said: …”

_11) -التهذيب 1:304/116.

_11) -al-Tahdhib 1:304/116.

_1) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:20.

_1) -Tafsir al-Qummi 2:20.

_2) -الكافي 2:1/28.

_2) -al-Kafi 2:1/28.

[1] الإسراء 17:37.

[1] al-Isra 17:37.

[2] لقمان 31:19.

[2] Luqman 31:19.

[1] المخرج:مكان خروج الفضلات-أعني الكنيف-«مجمع البحرين-خرج-2:294».

[1] al-makhraj: makan khuruj al-fudulat— a‘ni al-kanif— “Majma‘ al-Bahrayn – kharaja – 2:294”.

[2] في المصدر:عملها.

[2] fi al-masdar: ‘amaluhā.

Additional Quranic references in the body above (Shakir):

- وَ قُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنٰاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصٰارِهِنَّ وَ يَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ [النور 24:31]

And say to the believing women that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts. (M. H. Shakir)

- وَ مٰا كُنْتُمْ تَسْتَتِرُونَ أَنْ يَشْهَدَ عَلَيْكُمْ سَمْعُكُمْ وَ لاٰ أَبْصٰارُكُمْ وَ لاٰ جُلُودُكُمْ [فصّلت 41:22]

And you did not hide yourselves lest your ears and your eyes and your skins should bear witness against you. (M. H. Shakir)

- وَ قِفُوهُمْ إِنَّهُمْ مَسْؤُلُونَ [الصّافّات 37:24]

And stop them, for they shall be questioned. (M. H. Shakir)

[4] في«ط»:الحسين.

[4] fi “T”: al-Husayn.