S 2 A 220

قوله تعالى:

وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ مٰا ذٰا يُنْفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ

99-/1122) Muhammad b. Ya‘qub: from ‘Ali b. Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr, from a man [1], from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), regarding His saying, Mighty and Majestic: وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ مٰا ذٰا يُنْفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ. He said: “al-‘afw means: the middle course.”

(Qur’an 2:219, M. H. Shakir) They ask you about intoxicants and games of chance. Say: In both of them there is a great sin and means of profit for men, and their sin is greater than their profit; and they ask you as to what they should spend. Say: What you can spare. Thus does Allah make clear to you the communications that you may ponder.

99-/1123) al-‘Ayyashi: from Jamil b. Darraj, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him). He said: I asked him about His saying: وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ مٰا ذٰا يُنْفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ. He said: “al-‘afw means: the middle course.”

99-/1124) From ‘Abd al-Rahman, who said: I asked Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him) about His saying: وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ مٰا ذٰا يُنْفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ. He said: “Those who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor miserly, and between that is a just mean [2]—” He said, “—this was sent down after that; it is the middle course.”

(Qur’an 25:67, M. H. Shakir) And they who when they spend are neither extravagant nor parsimonious and (keep) between these the just mean.

99-/1125) From Yusuf, from Abu ‘Abdillah or Abu Ja‘far [3] (peace be upon them both), regarding His saying, Exalted is He: وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ مٰا ذٰا يُنْفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ. He said: “al-kafaf (sufficiency).” And in the narration of Abu Basir: “al-qasd (moderation).”

99-/1126) Abu ‘Ali al-Tabrisi: al-‘afw: the middle course, without extravagance and without niggardliness. He said: And this is narrated from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him).

99-/1127) And from him, he said: and from Abu Ja‘far al-Baqir (peace be upon him): “al-‘afw is what exceeds the provision of the year.”

قوله تعالى:

وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْيَتٰامىٰ قُلْ إِصْلاٰحٌ لَهُمْ خَيْرٌ وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ وَ اللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ الْمُفْسِدَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِ ... لَأَعْنَتَكُمْ

99-/1128) Muhammad b. Ya‘qub: from Muhammad b. Yahya, from Ahmad b. Muhammad, from Muhammad b. Isma‘il, from Hannan b. Sudayr. He said: Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him) said: “‘Isa b. Musa asked me about the guardian of the orphans with respect to the camels, and what is lawful for him from them? I said: If he plasters their watering-trough [2], searches for their strays, and applies pitch [3] to their bags, then he may take from their milk, provided he does not exhaust [4] the udder [5], nor corrupt the offspring.”

(Qur’an 2:220, M. H. Shakir) On this world and the hereafter. And they ask you concerning the orphans. Say: To set right for them is good, and if you mingle with them, they are your brethren; and Allah knows the mischief-maker and the well-doer; and if Allah had pleased He would certainly have caused you to fall into a difficulty; surely Allah is Mighty, Wise.

99-/1129) Ahmad b. Muhammad: from Muhammad b. al-Fudayl, from Abu al-Sabbah al-Kinani, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), regarding the saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: وَ مَنْ كٰانَ فَقِيراً فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ [6]. He said: “That is a man who devotes himself, refraining from seeking a livelihood, so there is no harm in him eating in accordance with what is customary, if he is setting right their wealth; but if the wealth is little, then he should not eat anything from it.” I said: What about the saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ? He said: “You take out from their wealth an amount that suffices them, and you take out from your wealth an amount that suffices you, then you spend it (together).” I said: What if among them are orphans, young and old, and some require better clothing than others, and some eat more than others, while their wealth is pooled? He said: “As for clothing, each person among them is allotted the price of his clothing; and as for food, then make it common for all, for the younger will soon come to eat like the elder.”

99-/1130) The Shaykh: with his isnad from Ahmad b. Muhammad, from ‘Uthman b. ‘Isa, from Sama‘ah, who said: I asked Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him) about the saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ. He said: “It means the orphans. If a man has charge of orphans in his care, then let him take out from his own wealth in proportion to what he needs, equal to what he takes out for each of them; then let them mingle, and eat together; and let him not diminish [7] their wealth by anything—for it is only fire.”

99-/1131) From him: with his isnad from Ahmad b. Muhammad, from ‘Ali b. al-Hakam, from ‘Abdullah b. Yahya al-Kahili, who said: It was said to Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him): We enter upon a brother of ours in the house of orphans, and they have a servant for them, so we sit on their carpet, and drink from their water, and their servant serves us, and sometimes we eat of the food that is with our companion and in it is some of their food. What do you think of that? He said: If your entering upon them is a benefit to them [2], there is no harm; and if there is in it harm [3], then no— and he said: بَلِ الْإِنْسٰانُ عَلىٰ نَفْسِهِ بَصِيرَةٌ [4], and it is not hidden from you; and Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has said: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ وَ اللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ الْمُفْسِدَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِ.

(Qur’an 75:14, M. H. Shakir) Nay! man is evidence against himself,

99-/1132) ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said: My father narrated to me, from Safwan, from ‘Abdullah b. Muskan, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him): “When was revealed: إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ أَمْوٰالَ الْيَتٰامىٰ ظُلْماً إِنَّمٰا يَأْكُلُونَ فِي بُطُونِهِمْ نٰاراً وَ سَيَصْلَوْنَ سَعِيراً [5], everyone who had an orphan with him came out and asked the Messenger of Allah (blessings of Allah be upon him and his family) about sending them away. Then Allah, Exalted, revealed: وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْيَتٰامىٰ قُلْ إِصْلاٰحٌ لَهُمْ خَيْرٌ وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ وَ اللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ الْمُفْسِدَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِ.”

(Qur’an 4:10, M. H. Shakir) (Surely) those who swallow the property of the orphans unjustly, they only swallow fire into their bellies; and they shall enter burning fire.

99-/1133) And ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said: al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: “There is no harm in mixing your food with the orphan’s food, for the small will soon eat as the big eats [6]; but as for clothing and other things, account it per head, young and old, according to what each needs.”

99-/1134) al-‘Ayyashi: from Zurara, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him). He said: I asked him about the saying of Allah, Blessed and Exalted: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ. He said: “You take out from their wealth an amount that suffices them, and take out from your wealth an amount that suffices you.” I said: What about orphans, young and old, and some of them higher in clothing than others? He said: “As for clothing, it is upon each person (individually) according to his clothing; and as for food, make it common for all, for the small will soon eat as the big eats.”

99-/1135) From Sama‘ah, from Abu ‘Abdillah or Abu al-Hasan [7] (peace be upon them both). He said: I asked him about the saying of Allah: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ. He said: “It means the orphans; that is, when a man has charge of orphans and they are in his care, let him take out from his own wealth equivalent to what he takes out for each of them; then let him mix with them, so they eat together, and let him not diminish anything from their wealth, for that is only fire.”

99-/1136) From al-Kahili, who said: I was with Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him), and a blind man asked him, saying: We enter upon a brother of ours in the house of orphans; they have a servant for them; we sit on their carpet, drink from their water, their servant serves us; sometimes we eat there food brought by our companion and mixed with some of their food. What do you think—may Allah set you right? He said: “Allah has said: بَلِ الْإِنْسٰانُ عَلىٰ نَفْسِهِ بَصِيرَةٌ [1]—so it is not hidden from you; and Allah has said: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ إِلَى لَأَعْنَتَكُمْ. If your entering upon them contains a benefit for them, there is no harm; but if it contains harm, then no.”

99-/1137) From Abu Hamzah, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him), who said: “A man came to the Prophet (blessings of Allah be upon him and his family) and said: O Messenger of Allah, my brother has died and left orphans who have livestock; what is lawful for me from them? The Messenger of Allah (blessings be upon him and his family) said: If you plaster their trough, return their strays [2], and tend to their stock, then drink from their milk, without striving to milk to the last drop, and without harming the offspring—and Allah knows the mischief-maker from the well-doer.”

99-/1138) From Muhammad b. Muslim, who said: I asked him about a man who has the livestock of his brother’s son, an orphan, in his care. May he mix their management with his own livestock? He said: “If he plasters their trough, tends to their pitch, and returns their strays, then let him drink from their milk without striving to milk to the last drop, and without harming the offspring.” Then he said: وَ مَنْ كٰانَ غَنِيًّا فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ وَ مَنْ كٰانَ فَقِيراً فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ [3], وَ اللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ الْمُفْسِدَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِ.

(Qur’an 4:6, M. H. Shakir) And try the orphans until they attain puberty; then if you find in them maturity of intellect, make over to them their property; and do not consume it extravagantly and in haste, fearing that they should grow up; and whoever is rich, let him abstain, and whoever is poor, let him eat reasonably. Then when you make over to them their property, call to witness over them; and Allah is enough as a Reckoner.

99-/1139) From Muhammad al-Halabi, who said: I said to Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him): The saying of Allah: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ وَ اللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ الْمُفْسِدَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِ? He said: “You take out from their wealth an amount that suffices them, and take out from your wealth an amount that suffices you; then you spend it (together).” From Muhammad b. Muslim, from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him), similar.

99-/1140) From ‘Ali, from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him). He said: I asked him about the saying of Allah regarding the orphans: وَ إِنْ تُخٰالِطُوهُمْ فَإِخْوٰانُكُمْ. He said: “Let there be for them dates and milk, and let there be for you the like, in proportion to what suffices you and suffices them; and nothing of the mischief-maker is hidden from Allah as against the well-doer.”

99-/1141) From ‘Abd al-Rahman b. al-Hajjaj, from Abu al-Hasan Musa (peace be upon him). He said: I said to him: There is something belonging to the orphan with me, and he is in my care; I spend on him from it, and perhaps I partake of what he has of food, while what I provide to him is more (than what I take). He said: “There is no harm in that; indeed Allah knows the mischief-maker from the well-doer.”

قوله تعالى:

وَ لاٰ تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكٰاتِ حَتّٰى يُؤْمِنَّ

99-/1142) Muhammad b. Ya‘qub: from Muhammad b. Yahya, from Ahmad b. Muhammad, from Ibn Faddal, from al-Hasan b. al-Jahm, who said: Abu al-Hasan al-Rida (peace be upon him) said to me: “O Abu Muhammad, what do you say about a man who marries a Christian woman over a Muslim woman?” I said: May I be your ransom—what is my word in your presence?! He said: “You must speak, for by it you will know my word.” I said: It is not permissible to marry a Christian woman over a Muslim woman, nor over any (other) woman. He said: “And why?” I said: Because of the saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: وَ لاٰ تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكٰاتِ حَتّٰى يُؤْمِنَّ. He said: “Then what do you say about this verse: وَ الْمُحْصَنٰاتُ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتٰابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ [1]?” I said: The saying: وَ لاٰ تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكٰاتِ abrogated this verse. He smiled, then kept silent.

(Qur’an 5:5, M. H. Shakir) This day (all) the good things are allowed to you; and the food of those who have been given the Book is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them; and the chaste from among the believing women and the chaste from among those who have been given the Book before you (are lawful for you) when you have given them their dowries, taking (them) in marriage, not fornicating nor taking them for secret concubines; and whoever denies faith, his work indeed is of no account, and in the hereafter he shall be one of the losers.

قوله تعالى:

وَ يَسْئَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْمَحِيضِ قُلْ هُوَ أَذىً فَاعْتَزِلُوا النِّسٰاءَ فِي الْمَحِيضِ وَ لاٰ تَقْرَبُوهُنَّ حَتّٰى يَطْهُرْنَ فَإِذٰا تَطَهَّرْنَ فَأْتُوهُنَّ مِنْ حَيْثُ أَمَرَكُمُ اللّٰهُ إِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ التَّوّٰابِينَ وَ يُحِبُّ الْمُتَطَهِّرِينَ

الهوامش:

_1) -الكافي 4:3/52. - al-Kāfī 4:3/52.

_2) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:314/106. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:314/106.

_3) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:315/106. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:315/106.

_4) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:316/106 و 317. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:316/106 wa 317.

_5) -مجمع البيان 2:558. - Majma‘ al-Bayān 2:558.

_6) -مجمع البيان 2:558. - Majma‘ al-Bayān 2:558.

[1] في المصدر:عن بعض أصحابه. - fī al-masdar: ‘an ba‘ḍi aṣḥābih.

[2] الفرقان 25:67. - al-Furqān 25:67.

[3] في «ط»:و أبي جعفر. - fī “Ṭ”: wa Abī Ja‘far.

_1) -الكافي 5:4/130. - al-Kāfī 5:4/130.

_2) -الكافي 5:5/130. - al-Kāfī 5:5/130.

_3) -التهذيب 6:949/340. - al-Tahdhīb 6:949/340.

[1] في «س و ط»:فقال. - fī “S wa Ṭ”: faqāl.

[2] لاط الحوض:ملطه و طينته. «مجمع البحرين-لوط-4:272». - lāṭa al-ḥawḍ: malṭahu wa ṭayyantahu. “Majma‘ al-Baḥrayn - Lūṭ - 4:272.”

[3] هنا البعير:طلاه بالهناء،و هو القطران. «الصحاح-هنأ-1:84». - hina al-ba‘īr: ṭalāhu bil-hinā’, wa huwa al-qiṭrān. “al-Ṣiḥāḥ - Hana’a - 1:84.”

[4] نهكت الناقة حلبا،إذا لم تبق في ضرعها لبنا. «النهاية 5:137». - nahakat al-nāqah ḥalban, idhā lam tabqa fī ḍa‘rihā lubnan. “al-Nihāyah 5:137.”

[5] في المصدر:لبنها من غير نهك بضرع. - fī al-masdar: labanuhā min ghayri nahk bi-ḍar‘.

[6] النساء 4:6. - al-Nisā’ 4:6.

[7] ما رزأ منه شيئا:أي ما نقص و لا أخذ منه شيئا. «النهاية 2:218». - mā raza’a minhu shay’an: ayy mā naqaṣa wa lā akhadha minhu shay’an. “al-Nihāyah 2:218.”

_4) -التهذيب 6:947/339. - al-Tahdhīb 6:947/339.

_5) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:72. - Tafsīr al-Qummī 1:72.

_6) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:72. - Tafsīr al-Qummī 1:72.

_7) -تفسير العيّاشيّ 1:318/107. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:318/107.

_8) -تفسير العيّاشيّ 1:319/107. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:319/107.

[1] القيامة 75:14. - al-Qiyāmah 75:14.

[2] في «ط»:دخولكم منفعة عليهم. - fī “Ṭ”: dukhūlukum manfa‘ah ‘alayhim.

[3] في المصدر زيادة:لهم. - fī al-masdar ziyādah: lahum.

[4] القيامة 75:14. - al-Qiyāmah 75:14.

[5] النساء 4:10. - al-Nisā’ 4:10.

[6] في المصدر:يوشك أن يأكل الكبير معه. - fī al-masdar: yūshiku an ya’kula al-kabīr ma‘ahu.

[7] في «ط»:و أبي الحسن. - fī “Ṭ”: wa Abī al-Ḥasan.

_9) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:320/107. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:320/107.

_10) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:321/107. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:321/107.

_11) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:322/108. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:322/108.

_12) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:323/108. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:323/108.

[1] القيامة 75:14. - al-Qiyāmah 75:14.

[2] ندّ البعير:شرد و ذهب على وجهه. «النهاية 5:35». - nadda al-ba‘īr: sharada wa dhahaba ‘alā wajhih. “al-Nihāyah 5:35.”

[3] النّساء 4:6. - al-Nisā’ 4:6.

_13) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:324/108. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:324/108.

_14) -تفسير العيّاشي 1:325/108. - Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī 1:325/108.

_1) -الكافي 5:6/357. - al-Kāfī 5:6/357.

[1] المائدة 5:5. - al-Mā’idah 5:5.