S 96 Ayat 1 to 19
قوله تعالى:
بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ اِقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ* خَلَقَ الْإِنْسٰانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ -إلى قوله تعالى- كَلاّٰ لاٰ تُطِعْهُ وَ اسْجُدْ وَ اقْتَرِبْ [1-19]
In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
- Read in the name of your Lord Who created.
- He created man from a clot.
- Read and your Lord is Most Honorable,
- Who taught (to write) with the pen,
- Taught man what he knew not.
- Nay! man most surely does transgress,
- Because he sees himself free from want.
- Surely to your Lord is the return.
- Have you seen him who forbids
- A servant when he prays?
- Have you considered if he were on the right way,
- Or enjoined guarding (against evil)?
- Have you considered if he gives the lie to the truth and turns (his) back?
- Does he not know that Allah does see?
- Nay! if he desist not, We would certainly smite his forehead,
- A lying, sinful forehead.
- Then let him summon his council,
- We too would summon the braves (of the angels).
- Nay! obey him not, and make obeisance and draw nigh (to Allah).
99-/11751 _1- عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ،قَالَ:
حَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ،عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ كَيْسَانَ،عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: «نَزَلَ جَبْرَئِيلُ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)،فَقَالَ:يَا مُحَمَّدُ،اقْرَأْ،قَالَ:وَ مَا أَقْرَأُ؟قَالَ: اِقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ يَعْنِي خَلَقَ نُورَكَ الْأَقْدَمَ قَبْلَ الْأَشْيَاءِ خَلَقَ الْإِنْسٰانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ يَعْنِي خَلَقَكَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ، وَ شَقَّ مِنْكَ عَلِيّاً، اِقْرَأْ وَ رَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ* اَلَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ يَعْنِي عَلَّمَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ عَلَّمَ الْإِنْسٰانَ عَلَّمَ عَلِيّاً مِنَ الْكِتَابَةِ لَكَ مٰا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ».
99-/11751 ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm narrated: Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Shaybānī narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, from Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad, from Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, from ʿUthmān ibn Yūsuf, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Kaysān, from Abū Jaʿfar (peace be upon him), who said:
“Jibrāʾīl descended upon Muḥammad (peace be upon him and his family) and said, ‘O Muḥammad, read!’ He said, ‘What shall I read?’ He (Jibrāʾīl) said: Read in the name of your Lord Who created – that is, He created your primordial light before all things. Created man from a clot – that is, He created you from a drop, and from you He brought forth ʿAlī. Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous, Who taught by the pen – that is, He taught ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib. Taught man what he knew not – that is, He taught ʿAlī writing which he did not know before.”
/11752 _2-عمر بن إبراهيم الأوسي:قال ابن عبّاس:إن أول ما ابتدئ به رسول اللّه(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله)من الوحي الرؤيا الصالحة في النوم،و كان لا يرى رؤيا إلاّ جاءت كفلق الصبح؛و لما تزوج بخديجة(رضي اللّه عنها)،و كمل له من العمر أربعون سنة،
99-/11752 ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī narrated: Ibn ʿAbbās said: The first thing with which the Messenger of Allāh (peace be upon him and his family) was initiated in revelation was the righteous dream during sleep, and he would never see a dream except that it came true as clearly as the break of dawn. When he married Khadījah (may Allāh be pleased with her), and when he completed forty years of age...
قال:فخرج ذات يوم إلى جبل حراء،فهتف به جبرئيل و لم يبد له،فغشي عليه،فحملوه مشركو قريش إليها،و قالوا:يا خديجة،تزوجت بمجنون!فوثبت خديجة من السرير،و ضمته إلى صدرها،و وضعت رأسه في حجرها،و قبلت بين عينيه،و قالت:تزوجت نبيّا مرسلا.فلما أفاق قالت:بأبي و أمي يا رسول اللّه،ما الذي أصابك؟
قَالَ: «مَا أَصَابَنِي غَيْرُ الْخَيْرِ،وَ لَكِنِّي سَمِعْتُ صَوْتاً أَفْزَعَنِي،وَ أَظُنُّهُ جَبْرَئِيلَ»فَاسْتَبْشَرَتْ ثُمَّ قَالَتْ:إِذَا كَانَ غَدَاةُ غَدٍ فَارْجِعْ إِلَى الْمَوْضِعِ الَّذِي رَأَيْتَهُ،فِيهِ بِالْأَمْسِ،قَالَ:«نَعَمْ».
He said: One day he went out to the mountain of Ḥirāʾ. Then Gabriel called to him, but he did not appear to him, and the Prophet fainted. The polytheists of Quraysh carried him back and said, “O Khadījah! You have married a madman!”
Khadījah jumped up from her bed, embraced him, placed his head in her lap, kissed him between his eyes, and said: “You have married a divinely-sent Prophet.”
When he regained consciousness, she asked: “May my father and mother be your ransom, O Messenger of Allah, what happened to you?”
He replied: “Nothing has happened to me but good. However, I heard a voice that frightened me, and I believe it was Gabriel.”
She became joyful and said: “When morning comes tomorrow, return to the place where you heard that yesterday.”
He said: “Yes.”
_1) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:430.
_2) -.....
Page 696 in Arabic
فخرج(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله)،و إذا هو بجبرئيل في أحسن صورة و أطيب رائحة،فقال:يا محمد،ربك يقرئك السلام و يخصك بالتحية و الإكرام،و يقول لك:أنت رسولي إلى الثقلين،فادعهم إلى عبادتي،و أن يقولوا:لا إله إلاّ اللّه، محمّد رسول اللّه،عليٌّ وَلِيُّ اللّهِ،فضرب بجناحه الأرض،فنبعت عين ماء فشرب(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله)منها،و توضأ، و علَّمه اِقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ إلى آخرها،و عرج جبرئيل إلى السماء،و خرج رسول اللّه(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله)من حراء فما مر بحجر و لا مدر و لا شجر إلاّ و ناداه،السلام عليك يا رسول اللّه،فأتى خديجة و هي بانتظاره،و أخبرها بذلك،ففرحت به و بسلامته و بقائه.
قلت:تقدم باب في مقدّمة الكتاب في أول ما نزل من القرآن [1].
So he (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa ālih) went out, and behold—Gabriel was before him in the most beautiful form and with the most pleasant fragrance. He said: “O Muḥammad, your Lord sends you His peace, honors you with greeting and reverence, and says to you: ‘You are My messenger to the two weighty beings (jinn and humans), so call them to worship Me and to say: Lā ilāha illa-llāh, Muḥammadun Rasūlu-llāh, ʿAlīyyun Walīyu-llāh.’”
Gabriel then struck the earth with his wing, and a spring of water gushed forth. The Prophet (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa ālih) drank from it, performed ablution, and Gabriel taught him:
"Read in the name of your Lord who created..." to the end [Surah al-ʿAlaq 96:1–5].
Then Gabriel ascended to the heavens, and the Messenger of Allah (ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa ālih) descended from Ḥirāʾ. As he passed by stones, clay, and trees, they all called out to him: “Peace be upon you, O Messenger of Allah!”
He returned to Khadījah, who was waiting for him, and informed her of what had happened. She rejoiced at the news, his safety, and his blessed mission.
Note: A chapter has previously been mentioned in the book’s introduction regarding the first revelation of the Qur’an.
/11753 _3-علي بن إبراهيم،في معنى السورة،قوله: اِقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ ،قال:اقرأ بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحيم اَلَّذِي خَلَقَ* خَلَقَ الْإِنْسٰانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ ،قال:من دم اِقْرَأْ وَ رَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ* اَلَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ يعني علم الإنسان الكتابة التي تتم بها أمور الدنيا في مشارق الأرض و مغاربها.
ثمّ قال: كَلاّٰ إِنَّ الْإِنْسٰانَ لَيَطْغىٰ* أَنْ رَآهُ اسْتَغْنىٰ قال:إن الإنسان إذا استغنى يكفر و يطغى و ينكر إِنَّ إِلىٰ رَبِّكَ الرُّجْعىٰ .
99-/11753 ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm, in the interpretation of the sūrah, regarding His saying: "Read in the name of your Lord", said: It means “Read in the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.”
"Who created – Created man from a clot (ʿalaq)", he said: from blood.
"Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous – Who taught by the pen", meaning: He taught man writing, through which the affairs of the world are established in the Easts and the Wests.
Then he said:
"Nay! surely man does transgress – Because he sees himself free of need" [96:6–7], He said: Indeed, when man becomes self-sufficient, he disbelieves, transgresses, and denies.
"Surely to your Lord is the return." [96:8]
قوله: أَ رَأَيْتَ الَّذِي يَنْهىٰ* عَبْداً إِذٰا صَلّٰى ،قال:كان الوليد بن المغيرة ينهى الناس عن الصلاة،و أن يطاع اللّه و رسوله،فقال اللّه: أَ رَأَيْتَ الَّذِي يَنْهىٰ* عَبْداً إِذٰا صَلّٰى .
قول اللّه عزّ و جلّ: أَ رَأَيْتَ إِنْ كَذَّبَ وَ تَوَلّٰى* أَ لَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِأَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَرىٰ* كَلاّٰ لَئِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهِ لَنَسْفَعاً بِالنّٰاصِيَةِ أي لنأخذنه بالناصية،فنلقيه في النار.
99-/11754 Regarding His saying: "Have you seen him who forbids – A servant when he prays" [96:9–10], he said: It was al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah who used to forbid people from prayer and from obeying Allah and His Messenger. So Allah said: "Have you seen him who forbids – A servant when he prays."
As for Allah the Exalted's saying: "Have you considered if he denies and turns away – Does he not know that Allah sees? – Nay! if he desist not, We would certainly smite him on the forehead" [96:13–15] Meaning: We will seize him by the forelock and cast him into the Fire.
قوله: فَلْيَدْعُ نٰادِيَهُ قال:لما مات أبو طالب،نادى أبو جهل و الوليد عليهما لعائن اللّه:هلموا فاقتلوا محمّدا،فقد مات الذي كان ينصره،فقال اللّه: فَلْيَدْعُ نٰادِيَهُ* سَنَدْعُ الزَّبٰانِيَةَ ،قال:كما دعا إلى قتل رسول اللّه(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله)،نحن أيضا ندعو الزبانية.
ثمّ قال: كَلاّٰ لاٰ تُطِعْهُ وَ اسْجُدْ وَ اقْتَرِبْ أي لا يطيعون لما دعاهم إليه،لأن رسول اللّه(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله) أجاره مطعم بن عدي بن نوفل بن عبد مناف و لم يجسر عليه أحد.
99-/11755 Regarding His saying: "Then let him summon his council" [96:17], he said: When Abū Ṭālib died, Abū Jahl and al-Walīd (may Allah's curses be upon them) cried out: Come, let us kill Muḥammad, for the one who used to protect him has died. So Allah said: "Then let him summon his council – We too will summon the guards (al-zabāniyah)" [96:17–18], meaning: just as he called to kill the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family), We also shall call the zabāniyah (the angels of punishment).
Then He said: "Nay! obey him not, and make obeisance and draw nigh (unto Allah)" [96:19], meaning: do not obey them in what they invited to, because the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) was granted protection by Muṭʿim ibn ʿAdī ibn Nawfal ibn ʿAbd Manāf, and no one dared to approach him thereafter.
99-/11754 _4- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ،عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ،عَنِ الْوَشَّاءِ،قَالَ:سَمِعْتُ الرِّضَا(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)يَقُولُ: «أَقْرَبُ مَا يَكُونُ الْعَبْدُ مِنَ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ هُوَ سَاجِدٌ،وَ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: وَ اسْجُدْ وَ اقْتَرِبْ ».
99-/11754 Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb narrated from ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad, from Sahl ibn Ziyād, from al-Washshāʾ, who said: I heard al-Riḍā (peace be upon him) say: "The closest a servant can be to Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, is while he is in prostration (sujūd), and that is the saying of Allah, the Mighty and Majestic: 'And make obeisance and draw nigh (unto Allah)' [96:19]."
_3) -تفسير القمّيّ 2:430.
_4) -الكافي 3:3/264.
_5) -الكافي 8:129/148.
[1] تقدّم في باب(15)في أوّل سورة نزلت و آخر سورة.
Footnote [1] Translation: It was previously mentioned in Chapter (15) regarding the first and last revealed surah.
Page 697 in Arabic
99-/11755 _5- وَ عَنْهُ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ هَارُونَ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ،عَنْ مَسْعَدَةَ بْنِ صَدَقَةَ،عَنْ أَبِي
عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ:«قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ): مَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ خَلْقاً إِلاَّ وَ قَدْ أَمَّرَ عَلَيْهِ[آخَرَ]يَغْلِبُهُ فِيهِ، وَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى لَمَّا خَلَقَ الْبِحَارَ السُّفْلَى فَخَرَتْ وَ زَخَرَتْ [1]،
99-/11755
From him, from ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm, from Hārūn ibn Muslim, from Masʿadah ibn Ṣadaqah, from Abū ʿAbdillāh (peace be upon him), he said:
“The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) said: Allah, the Glorified and Exalted, did not create any creation except that He appointed over it another which overcomes it therein. That is because when Allah, Blessed and Exalted, created the lower seas, they roared and surged…”
Footnote [1] Translation: زخرت — It means they surged or swelled with motion, referring to the restless state of the seas.
وَ قَالَتْ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ الْأَرْضَ فَسَطَحَهَا عَلَى ظَهْرِهَا[فَذَلَّتْ]،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْأَرْضَ فَخَرَتْ،وَ قَالَتْ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ الْجِبَالَ وَ أَثْبَتَهَا عَلَى ظَهْرِهَا أَوْتَاداً مِنْ أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِمَا عَلَيْهَا،فَذَلَّتِ الْأَرْضُ وَ اسْتَقَرَّتْ،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْجِبَالَ فَخَرَتْ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ،فَشَمَخَتْ وَ اسْتَطَالَتْ، وَ قَالَتْ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ اللَّهُ الْحَدِيدَ وَ قَطَعَهَا،فَقَرَّتِ الْجِبَالُ وَ ذَلَّتْ،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْحَدِيدَ فَخَرَ عَلَى الْجِبَالِ،
…and it (the sea) said: “What can overcome me?” So Allah created the earth and spread it out upon its back, and it (the sea) yielded.
Then the earth roared, saying: “What can overcome me?” So Allah created the mountains and anchored them upon its back as pegs, lest it sway with what was upon it. The earth then humbled and became stable.
Then the mountains roared upon the earth, lifted themselves and grew haughty, saying: “What can overcome us?” So Allah created iron and cut through them, so the mountains settled and were humbled.
Then iron roared upon the mountains…
وَ قَالَ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ اللَّهُ النَّارَ فَأَذَابَتِ الْحَدِيدَ[فَذَلَّ الْحَدِيدُ]،ثُمَّ إِنَّ النَّارَ زَفَرَتْ وَ شَهَقَتْ[وَ فَخَرَتْ]وَ قَالَتْ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ الْمَاءَ فَأَطْفَأَهَا فَذَلَّتْ،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْمَاءَ فَخَرَ وَ زَخَرَ،وَ قَالَ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ اللَّهُ الرِّيحَ، فَحَرَّكَتْ أَمْوَاجَهُ وَ أَثَارَتْ مَا فِي قَعْرِهِ وَ حَبَسَتْهُ عَنْ مَجَارِيهِ،فَذَلَّ الْمَاءُ،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الرِّيحَ فَخَرَتْ وَ عَصَفَتْ،وَ لَوَّحَتْ [2]أَذْيَالَهَاَ،
…and said: “What can overcome me?” So Allah created fire, and it melted the iron, so the iron yielded.
Then the fire exhaled and roared and boasted, saying: “What can overcome me?” So Allah created water, and it extinguished it, so the fire yielded.
Then the water roared and surged, saying: “What can overcome me?” So Allah created the wind, and it stirred its waves, raised what lay in its depths, and held it back from its courses—so the water yielded.
Then the wind boasted and blew fiercely, and fluttered its ends…
وَ قَالَتْ:أَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَغْلِبُنِي؟فَخَلَقَ اللَّهُ الْإِنْسَانَ،فَبَنَى وَ احْتَالَ،وَ اتَّخَذَ مَا يَسْتُرُ [3]بِهِ عَنِ الرِّيحِ وَ غَيْرِهَا،فَذَلَّتِ الرِّيحُ،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْإِنْسَانَ طَغَى وَ قَالَ:مَنْ أَشَدُّ مِنِّي قُوَّةً؟فَخَلَقَ اللَّهُ لَهُ الْمَوْتَ فَقَهَرَهُ[فَذَلَّ الْإِنْسَانُ]،ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْمَوْتَ فَخَرَ فِي نَفْسِهِ،وَ قَالَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ:لاَ تَفْخَرْ فَإِنِّي ذَابِحُكَ بَيْنَ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ:أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ،وَ أَهْلِ النَّارِ،ثُمَّ لاَ أُحْيِيكَ أَبَداً،فَتُرْجَى أَوْ تُخَافُ [4]».
وَ قَالَ أَيْضاً:«الْحِلْمُ يَغْلِبُ الْغَضَبَ،وَ الرَّحْمَةُ تَغْلِبُ السَّخَطَ،وَ الصَّدَقَةُ تَغْلِبُ الْخَطِيئَةَ»ثُمَّ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«مَا أَشْبَهَ هَذَا مِمَّا[قَدْ]يَغْلِبُ غَيْرَهُ!».
…and it said, “What can overcome me?” So Allah created man, and he built and devised, and made things with which to shield himself from the wind and other things—so the wind yielded.
Then man transgressed and said, “Who is stronger than me in might?” So Allah created death, and it overcame him—thus man yielded.
Then death boasted in itself. And Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, said: “Do not boast, for I shall slay you between the two groups—those of Paradise and those of Hell—and I shall never revive you again, so you may be hoped for or feared.”
And he (Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him) also said: “Patience overcomes anger, mercy overcomes wrath, and charity overcomes sin.” Then Abu ʿAbdillah (peace be upon him) said: “How similar this is to [the pattern] that something always overcomes another!”
[1] زخر البحر،أي مدّ و كثر ماؤه و ارتفعت أمواجه.«لسان العرب 4:320».
[2] في المصدر:و أرخت.
[3] في المصدر:يستتر.
[4] قَوْلُهُ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ): «فَتُرْجَى أَوْ تُخَافُ» أي لا أحييك فتكون حياتك رجاء لأهل النار و خوفا لأهل الجنّة،و ذبح الموت لعلّ المراد به ذبح شيء مسمّى بهذا الاسم ليعرف الفريقان رفع الموت عنهما على المشاهدة و العيان،إن لم نقل بتجسّم الأعراض في تلك النشأة لبعده عن طور العقل.«مرآة العقول 25:368».
Footnotes Translation:
[1] Zakhara al-baḥr means: the sea surged—its water increased and its waves rose. (Lisān al-ʿArab 4:320). [2] In the source: wa arakhat (and it let loose). [3] In the source: yastatir (he hides himself). [4] His (صلى الله عليه وآله) statement: “So you may be hoped for or feared” means: I shall not revive you again such that your existence would be a source of hope for the people of Hell or a cause of fear for the people of Paradise. As for the “slaughtering of death,” perhaps it refers to the slaughter of something named as such, so that both groups may witness firsthand the removal of death. Unless we consider the possibility of accidental properties being embodied in that realm—which is far from the rational intellect’s domain. (Mirʾāt al-ʿUqūl 25:368).
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