S 2 A 217

قوله تعالى:

يَسْئَلُونَكَ عَنِ الشَّهْرِ الْحَرٰامِ قِتٰالٍ فِيهِ قُلْ قِتٰالٌ فِيهِ كَبِيرٌ وَ صَدٌّ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللّٰهِ وَ كُفْرٌ بِهِ وَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرٰامِ وَ إِخْرٰاجُ أَهْلِهِ مِنْهُ أَكْبَرُ عِنْدَ اللّٰهِ وَ الْفِتْنَةُ أَكْبَرُ مِنَ الْقَتْلِ[217]

[البقرة 2:217] They ask you about fighting in the sacred month. Say: Fighting in it is a grave matter; and hindering (men) from Allah’s way and denying Him, and (hindering men) from the Sacred Mosque and turning its people out of it, are still graver with Allah; and persecution is severer than slaughter. (M. H. Shakir)

99-/1112 _1- عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ: إِنَّهُ كَانَ سَبَبُ نُزُولِهَا:أَنَّهُ لَمَّا هَاجَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ،بَعَثَ السَّرَايَا إِلَى الطُّرُقَاتِ الَّتِي تَدْخُلُ مَكَّةَ،تَتَعَرَّضُ لِعِيرِ قُرَيْشٍ،حَتَّى بَعَثَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ جَحْشٍ فِي نَفَرٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ إِلَى نَخْلَةَ-وَ هِيَ بُسْتَانُ بَنِي عَامِرٍ-لِيَأْخُذُوا عِيرَ قُرَيْشٍ[حِينَ]أَقْبَلَتْ مِنَ الطَّائِفِ.عَلَيْهَا الزَّبِيبُ وَ الْأُدُمُ وَ الطَّعَامُ، فَوَافَوْهَا وَ قَدْ نَزَلَتِ الْعِيرُ،وَ فِيهَا عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْحَضْرَمِيُّ،وَ كَانَ حَلِيفاً لِعُتْبَةَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ.فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ الْحَضْرَمِيُّ إِلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَحْشٍ وَ أَصْحَابِهِ،فَزِعُوا وَ تَهَيَّئُوا لِلْحَرْبِ،وَ قَالُوا:هَؤُلاَءِ أَصْحَابُ مُحَمَّدٍ،وَ أَمَرَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ جَحْشٍ أَصْحَابَهُ أَنْ يَنْزِلُوا وَ يَحْلِقُوا رُءُوسَهُمْ،فَنَزَلُوا وَ حَلَقُوا رُءُوسَهُمْ.

فَقَالَ ابْنُ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ:هَؤُلاَءِ قَوْمٌ عُبَّادٌ لَيْسَ عَلَيْنَا مِنْهُمْ[بَأْسٌ]،فَلَمَّا اطْمَأَنُّوا وَ وَضَعُوا السِّلاَحَ،حَمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ جَحْشٍ،فَقَتَلَ ابْنَ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ،وَ قَتَلَ أَصْحَابَهُ،وَ أَخَذُوا الْعِيرَ بِمَا فِيهَا،وَ سَاقُوهَا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ،وَ كَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي أَوَّلِ يَوْمٍ مِنْ رَجَبٍ مِنْ أَشْهُرِ الْحُرُمِ،فَعَزَلُوا الْعِيرَ وَ مَا كَانَ عَلَيْهَا،وَ لَمْ يَنَالُوا مِنْهَا شَيْئاً.

فَكَتَبَتْ قُرَيْشٌ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)إِنَّكَ اسْتَحْلَلْتَ الشَّهْرَ الْحَرَامَ،وَ سَفَكْتَ فِيهِ الدَّمَ،وَ أَخَذْتَ الْمَالَ، وَ كَثُرَ الْقَوْلُ فِي هَذَا،وَ جَاءَ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)فَقَالُوا:يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ،أَ يَحِلُّ الْقَتْلُ فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ؟ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ: يَسْئَلُونَكَ عَنِ الشَّهْرِ الْحَرٰامِ قِتٰالٍ فِيهِ قُلْ قِتٰالٌ فِيهِ كَبِيرٌ وَ صَدٌّ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللّٰهِ وَ كُفْرٌ بِهِ وَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرٰامِ وَ إِخْرٰاجُ أَهْلِهِ مِنْهُ أَكْبَرُ عِنْدَ اللّٰهِ وَ الْفِتْنَةُ أَكْبَرُ مِنَ الْقَتْلِ .قَالَ:اَلْقِتَالُ فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ عَظِيمٌ،وَ لَكِنِ الَّذِي فَعَلَتْ بِكَ قُرَيْشٌ-يَا مُحَمَّدُ-مِنَ الصَّدِّ عَنِ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ،وَ الْكُفْرِ بِاللَّهِ،وَ إِخْرَاجِكَ مِنْهُ أَكْبَرُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ،وَ الْفِتْنَةُ-يَعْنِي الْكُفْرَ بِاللَّهِ-أَكْبَرُ مِنَ الْقَتْلِ.

ثُمَّ أُنْزِلَتْ عَلَيْهِ: اَلشَّهْرُ الْحَرٰامُ بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرٰامِ وَ الْحُرُمٰاتُ قِصٰاصٌ فَمَنِ اعْتَدىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ.

99-/1112 - Ali ibn Ibrahim: The reason for its revelation was that when the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) migrated to Medina, he dispatched detachments to the routes entering Mecca to intercept the Quraysh caravan, until he sent ‘Abd Allah ibn Jahsh with a group of his companions to Nakhlah—which is an orchard belonging to Banu ‘Amir—to seize the Quraysh caravan when it came from Ta’if. It was laden with raisins, leather, and food. They encountered it when the caravan had halted, and among them was ‘Amr ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Hadrami, who was an ally of ‘Utbah ibn Rabi‘ah. When al-Hadrami saw ‘Abd Allah ibn Jahsh and his companions, they were alarmed and prepared for battle, saying: These are Muhammad’s companions. ‘Abd Allah ibn Jahsh ordered his companions to dismount and shave their heads, so they dismounted and shaved their heads. Then the son of al-Hadrami said: These are devout people; we have nothing to fear from them. When they felt secure and laid down their weapons, ‘Abd Allah ibn Jahsh charged them, killed the son of al-Hadrami, killed his companions, took the caravan and all it contained, and drove it to Medina. That was on the first day of Rajab, one of the sacred months. They set the caravan and its load aside and did not take anything from it. Quraysh then wrote to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family): You have violated the sacred month, shed blood in it, and taken property. This talk became widespread. The companions of the Messenger of Allah came and said: O Messenger of Allah, is killing lawful in the sacred month? So Allah revealed: They ask you about fighting in the sacred month. Say: Fighting in it is a grave matter; and hindering (men) from Allah’s way and denying Him, and (hindering men) from the Sacred Mosque and turning its people out of it, are still graver with Allah; and persecution is severer than slaughter [2:217]. He said: Fighting in the sacred month is grave. But what Quraysh did to you, O Muhammad—hindering [you] from the Sacred Mosque, disbelief in Allah, and expelling you from it—is greater in the sight of Allah; and persecution—meaning disbelief in Allah—is greater than killing. Then there was revealed to him: The sacred month for the sacred month and all sacred things are (under the law of) retaliation; whoever then acts aggressively against you, inflict injury on him according to the injury he has inflicted on you [2:194].

_1) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:71.

-Tafsir al-Qummi 1:71.

[1] العير:القافلة.«مجمع البحرين-عير-3:418».

-al-‘īr: the caravan. “Majma‘ al-Bahrayn – ‘Ayr – 3:418.”

[2] عبد اللّه بن جحش بن رئاب بن يعمر الأسدي:صحابي،قديم الإسلام،هاجر إلى بلاد الحبشة،ثمّ إلى المدينة،و كان من أمراء السرايا،و هو صهر الرسول(صلّى اللّه عليه و آله)و ابن عمته،أخو زينب أم المؤمنين،قتل يوم أحد شهيدا في 3 ه‌،فدفن هو و الحمزة في قبر واحد.حلية الأولياء 1:13/108،الإصابة 2:4583/286.

-‘Abd Allah ibn Jahsh ibn Ri’āb ibn Ya‘mur al-Asadī: A Companion, among the early Muslims; he migrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina; he was among the commanders of the expeditions; he was the in-law of the Messenger (peace be upon him and his family) and his maternal cousin, the brother of Zaynab, Mother of the Believers. He was martyred on the Day of Uhud in 3 AH and was buried with Hamzah in one grave. Hilyat al-Awliyā’ 1:13/108; al-Isābah 2:4583/286.

[3] في المصدر:و أفلت.

-In the source: “and [they] escaped.”

[4] في المصدر:و إخراجك منها هو.

-In the source: “and expelling you from it—it is.”

قوله تعالى:

بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ [1]

[البقرة 2:194] The sacred month for the sacred month and all sacred things are (under the law of) retaliation; whoever then acts aggressively against you, inflict injury on him according to the injury he has inflicted on you; and be careful of (your duty to) Allah and know that Allah is with those who guard (against evil). (M. H. Shakir)

_1) -البقرة 2:194.

-al-Baqarah 2:194.

99-/1113 _2- وَ فِي(نَهْجِ الْبَيَانِ)عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ): «الْفِتْنَةُ هناهنا [هَاهُنَا] :اَلشِّرْكُ».

99-/1113 - And in (Nahj al-Bayan), from Abu Ja‘far (peace be upon him): “The fitnah here means shirk (polytheism).”

_2) -نهج البيان(مخطوط)1:52.

-Nahj al-Bayān (manuscript) 1:52.

99-/1114 _3- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ أَبَانٍ،عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ،قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):إِنَّ الْمُغِيرِيَّةَ يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ هَذَا الْيَوْمَ لِهَذِهِ اللَّيْلَةِ الْمُسْتَقْبَلَةِ.

فَقَالَ:«كَذَبُوا،هَذَا الْيَوْمُ لِلَّيْلَةِ الْمَاضِيَةِ؛لِأَنَّ أَهْلَ بَطْنِ نَخْلَةَ حَيْثُ رَأَوُا الْهِلاَلَ،قَالُوا:قَدْ دَخَلَ الشَّهْرُ الْحَرَامُ».

99-/1114 - Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub, with his chain from Aban, from ‘Umar ibn Yazid, said: I said to Abu ‘Abd Allah (peace be upon him): The Mughiriyyah claim that this day belongs to the coming night. He said: “They have lied. This day belongs to the past night, because when the people of the valley of Nakhlah saw the new moon, they said: The sacred month has begun.”

_3) -الكافي 8:517/332.

-al-Kāfī 8:517/332.

[2] المغيرية:و هم أتباع المغيرة بن سعيد،الذين قالوا:لا إمامة في بني عليّ(عليه السّلام)بعد أبي جعفر محمّد بن عليّ الباقر(عليه السّلام)،و إنّ الإمامة في المغيرة بن سعيد إلى خروج المهديّ،و هو عندهم محمّد بن عبد اللّه بن الحسن بن الحسن بن عليّ-كما هو في أغلب المصادر-و في الأنوار النعمانية للسيّد الجزائريّ(قدّس سرّه)قال:هو عندهم زكريا بن محمّد بن عليّ بن الحسين بن عليّ(عليه السّلام).فرق الشيعة:63،مقالات الاسلاميين 1:68،المقالات و الفرق:50 و 74،الفرق بين الفرق،238،الملل و النحل 1:157،الأنوار النعمانية 2:236.

-al-Mughīriyyah: They are the followers of al-Mughīrah ibn Sa‘īd, who said there is no Imamate in the progeny of ‘Ali (peace be upon him) after Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn ‘Ali al-Baqir (peace be upon him), and that the Imamate is in al-Mughīrah ibn Sa‘īd until the emergence of the Mahdi, who, according to them, is Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn ‘Ali—as in most sources; while in al-Anwār al-Nu‘māniyyah by al-Sayyid al-Jazā’irī (may his secret be sanctified), he said: According to them, he is Zakariyya ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali (peace be upon him). Firaq al-Shī‘ah: 63; Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn 1:68; al-Maqālāt wa al-Firaq: 50, 74; al-Farq bayn al-Firaq: 238; al-Milal wa al-Nihal 1:157; al-Anwār al-Nu‘māniyyah 2:236.

قوله تعالى:

يَسْئَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْخَمْرِ وَ الْمَيْسِرِ قُلْ فِيهِمٰا إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ وَ مَنٰافِعُ لِلنّٰاسِ وَ إِثْمُهُمٰا أَكْبَرُ مِنْ نَفْعِهِمٰا[219]

[البقرة 2:219] They ask you about intoxicants and games of chance. Say: In both of them there is a great sin and (some) advantages for men, and their sin is greater than their advantage. (M. H. Shakir)

99-/1115 _1- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ أَبِي عَلِيٍّ الْأَشْعَرِيِّ،عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا،وَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ، جَمِيعاً،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ يَقْطِينٍ،قَالَ: سَأَلَ الْمَهْدِيُّ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) عَنِ الْخَمْرِ،قَالَ:هَلْ هِيَ مُحَرَّمَةٌ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،فَإِنَّ النَّاسَ إِنَّمَا يَعْرِفُونَ النَّهْيَ عَنْهَا،وَ لاَ يَعْرِفُونَ التَّحْرِيمَ لَهَا؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«بَلْ هِيَ مُحَرَّمَةٌ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ».

فَقَالَ:فِي أَيِّ مَوْضِعٍ مُحَرَّمَةٌ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ جَلَّ اسْمُهُ،يَا أَبَا الْحَسَنِ؟ فَقَالَ:«قَوْلُ اللَّهِ جَلَّ وَ عَزَّ: إِنَّمٰا حَرَّمَ رَبِّيَ الْفَوٰاحِشَ مٰا ظَهَرَ مِنْهٰا وَ مٰا بَطَنَ وَ الْإِثْمَ وَ الْبَغْيَ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ».

99-/1115 - Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub: From Abu ‘Ali al-Ash‘ari, from some of our companions, and ‘Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, both of them from al-Hasan ibn ‘Ali ibn Abi Hamzah, from his father, from ‘Ali ibn Yaqtin, who said: Al-Mahdi asked Abu al-Hasan (peace be upon him) about wine. He said: Is it forbidden in the Book of Allah, Mighty and Majestic? For people only know the prohibition (by way of forbiddance) of it, but they do not know its being declared unlawful. Abu al-Hasan (peace be upon him) said to him: “Rather, it is unlawful in the Book of Allah.” He said: In what place is it unlawful in the Book of Allah—glorious is His Name—O Abu al-Hasan? He said: “The saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: He has only forbidden indecencies, those of them that are apparent as well as those that are concealed, and sin and rebellion without justice [7:33].”

_1) -الكافي 6:1/406.

-al-Kāfī 6:1/406.

[3] في«س و ط»:عن عليّ بن أبي حمزة،و الصواب ما في المتن،لرواية إبراهيم بن هاشم عن الحسن بن عليّ بن أبي حمزة،دون أبيه،كما في معجم رجال الحديث 1:319،و عليّ بن أبي حمزة يروي عن عليّ بن يقطين.كما في معجم رجال الحديث 12:237.

-In “S and T”: “from ‘Ali ibn Abi Hamzah,” but what is in the text is correct, since Ibrahim ibn Hashim narrates from al-Hasan ibn ‘Ali ibn Abi Hamzah, not his father, as in Mu‘jam Rijāl al-Hadīth 1:319; and ‘Ali ibn Abi Hamzah narrates from ‘Ali ibn Yaqtin, as in Mu‘jam Rijāl al-Hadīth 12:237.

[4] في المصدر زيادة:يا أمير المؤمنين.

-In the source there is an addition: “O Commander of the Faithful.”

[5] الأعراف 7:33.

-al-A‘rāf 7:33.