S 2 A 35-36

قوله تعالى: وَ قُلْنٰا يٰا آدَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنْتَ وَ زَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ وَ كُلاٰ مِنْهٰا رَغَداً حَيْثُ شِئْتُمٰا وَ لاٰ تَقْرَبٰا هٰذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ فَتَكُونٰا مِنَ الظّٰالِمِينَ[35] فَأَزَلَّهُمَا الشَّيْطٰانُ عَنْهٰا فَأَخْرَجَهُمٰا مِمّٰا كٰانٰا فِيهِ وَ قُلْنَا اهْبِطُوا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ وَ لَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُسْتَقَرٌّ وَ مَتٰاعٌ إِلىٰ حِينٍ[36]

Qur’an 2:35-36 (M. H. Shakir): And We said: O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in the garden and eat from it a plenteous (food) wherever you wish, and do not approach this tree, for then you will be of the unjust. But the Shaitan made them both slip from it and caused them to depart from that (state) in which they were; and We said: Get forth, some of you being the enemies of others, and there is for you in the earth an abode and a provision for a time.

99-/399 _1- قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْعَسْكَرِيُّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ): «إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَمَّا لَعَنَ إِبْلِيسَ بِإِبَائِهِ [1]،وَ أَكْرَمَ الْمَلاَئِكَةَ بِسُجُودِهَا لِآدَمَ،وَ طَاعَتِهِمْ لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،أَمَرَ بِآدَمَ وَ حَوَّاءَ إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ،وَ قَالَ: يٰا آدَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنْتَ وَ زَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ وَ كُلاٰ مِنْهٰا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ رَغَداً وَاسِعاً حَيْثُ شِئْتُمٰا بِلاَ تَعَبٍ وَ لاٰ تَقْرَبٰا هٰذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ شَجَرَةَ الْعِلْمِ، شَجَرَةَ عِلْمِ مُحَمَّدٍ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ(صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ أَجْمَعِينَ)الَّذِينَ آثَرَهُمُ [2] اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ بِهَا دُونَ خَلْقِهِ. فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَ لاٰ تَقْرَبٰا هٰذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ شَجَرَةَ الْعِلْمِ،فَإِنَّهَا لِمُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ خَاصَّةً دُونَ غَيْرِهِمْ،وَ لاَ يَتَنَاوَلُ مِنْهَا بِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ إِلاَّ هُمْ،وَ مِنْهَا مَا كَانَ يَتَنَاوَلُهُ النَّبِيُّ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ)وَ عَلِيٌّ وَ فَاطِمَةُ وَ الْحَسَنُ وَ الْحُسَيْنُ(عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلاَمُ)بَعْدَ إِطْعَامِهِمُ الْيَتِيمَ وَ الْمِسْكِينَ وَ الْأَسِيرَ،حَتَّى لَمْ يُحِسُّوا بَعْدُ بِجُوعٍ وَ لاَ عَطَشٍ وَ لاَ تَعَبٍ وَ لاَ نَصَبٍ. وَ هِيَ شَجَرَةٌ تَمَيَّزَتْ بَيْنَ أَشْجَارِ الْجَنَّةِ؛إِنَّ سَائِرَ أَشْجَارِ الْجَنَّةِ كَانَ كُلُّ نَوْعٍ مِنْهَا يَحْمِلُ نَوْعاً مِنَ الثِّمَارِ وَ الْمَأْكُولِ،وَ كَانَتْ هَذِهِ الشَّجَرَةُ وَ جِنْسُهَا تَحْمِلُ الْبُرَّ [3] وَ الْعِنَبَ وَ التِّينَ وَ الْعُنَّابَ [4] وَ سَائِرَ أَنْوَاعِ الثِّمَارِ وَ الْفَوَاكِهِ وَ الْأَطْعِمَةِ،فَلِذَلِكَ اخْتَلَفَ الْحَاكُونَ لِذِكْرِ [5] الشَّجَرَةِ،فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ:هِيَ بُرَّةٌ،وَ قَالَ آخَرُونَ:هِيَ عِنَبَةٌ،وَ قَالَ آخَرُونَ: هِيَ تِينَةٌ،وَ قَالَ آخَرُونَ:هِيَ عُنَّابَةٌ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَ لاٰ تَقْرَبٰا هٰذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ تَلْتَمِسَانِ بِذَلِكَ دَرَجَةَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ فَضْلَهُمْ،فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى خَصَّهُمْ بِهَذِهِ الدَّرَجَةِ دُونَ غَيْرِهِمْ،وَ هِيَ الشَّجَرَةُ الَّتِي مَنْ تَنَاوَلَ مِنْهَا بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ أُلْهِمَ عِلْمَ الْأَوَّلِينَ وَ الْآخِرِينَ مِنْ غَيْرِ تَعَلُّمٍ،وَ مَنْ تَنَاوَلَ مِنْهَا بِغَيْرِ إِذْنٍ خَابَ مِنْ مُرَادِهِ وَ عَصَى رَبَّهُ. فَتَكُونٰا مِنَ الظّٰالِمِينَ بِمَعْصِيَتِكُمَا وَ الْتِمَاسِكُمَا

99-/399 _1- Imam Abu Muhammad al-‘Askari (peace be upon him) said: When Allah, Mighty and Majestic, cursed Iblis for his refusal [1], and honored the angels for their prostration to Adam and their obedience to Allah, Mighty and Majestic, He directed Adam and Hawwa to the Garden and said: O Adam, you and your wife dwell in the Garden and eat from it freely and abundantly wherever you wish, without toil; and do not approach this tree—the tree of knowledge, the tree of the knowledge of Muhammad (may Allah bless him and his family) and the family of Muhammad (blessings of Allah be upon them all), whom Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has favored [2] above His creation by it. So He, Exalted, said: And do not approach this tree—the tree of knowledge—for it is exclusively for Muhammad and his family, and none may partake of it by Allah’s command except them. It is of that by which the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family), ‘Ali, Fatimah, al-Hasan, and al-Husayn (peace be upon them) would partake after they fed the orphan, the needy, and the captive, until they felt no hunger, thirst, weariness, or fatigue afterward. It is a tree distinguished among the trees of the Garden; for the other trees of the Garden, each kind bore one type of fruit and food, but this tree and its kind bore wheat [3], grapes, figs, jujube [4], and all kinds of fruits and foods. For this reason those who relate its mention differed [5], some saying: it was a wheat tree; others: a grapevine; others: a fig; and others: a jujube. Allah, Exalted, said: And do not approach this tree, seeking thereby the rank and merit of Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, for Allah, Exalted, has singled them out with this rank to the exclusion of others. It is the tree such that whoever partakes of it by Allah’s permission is inspired with the knowledge of the first and the last without learning, and whoever partakes of it without permission fails in what he seeks and disobeys his Lord. Thus you would be among the wrongdoers by your disobedience and your seeking a rank that has been preferred for others, as you desire, without Allah’s decree.

_1) -التفسير المنسوب إلى الإمام العسكريّ(عليه السّلام)103/221 و 104.

[1] أبى إباء: استعصى.

— abā, ibā’: ista‘ṣā

[2] آثره الشيء بالشّيء: خصّه به.

— ātharahu bi-sh-shay’: khaṣṣahu bih

[3] البرّ: جمع برّة من القمح.

— al-burr: jam‘ burrah min al-qamḥ

[4] العنّاب: …

— al-‘unnāb

[5] في المصدر: لتلك.

— fī al-maṣdar: li-tilka

99-/399 _1- قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: فَأَزَلَّهُمَا الشَّيْطٰانُ عَنْهٰا عَنِ الْجَنَّةِ،بِوَسْوَسَتِهِ وَ خَدِيعَتِهِ وَ إِيهَامِهِ وَ غُرُورِهِ،بِأَنْ بَدَأَ بِآدَمَ فَقَالَ: مٰا نَهٰاكُمٰا رَبُّكُمٰا عَنْ هٰذِهِ الشَّجَرَةِ إِلاّٰ أَنْ تَكُونٰا مَلَكَيْنِ [1]إِنْ تَنَاوَلْتُمَا مِنْهَا تَعْلَمَانِ الْغَيْبَ،وَ تَقْدِرَانِ عَلَى مَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَيْهِ مَنْ خَصَّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِالْقُدْرَةِ أَوْ تَكُونٰا مِنَ الْخٰالِدِينَ [2]لاَ تَمُوتَانِ أَبَداً. وَ قٰاسَمَهُمٰا [3] حَلَفَ لَهُمَا إِنِّي لَكُمٰا لَمِنَ النّٰاصِحِينَ [4]وَ كَانَ إِبْلِيسُ بَيْنَ لَحْيَيِ [5] الْحَيَّةِ أَدْخَلَتْهُ الْجَنَّةَ،وَ كَانَ آدَمُ يَظُنُّ أَنَّ الْحَيَّةَ هِيَ الَّتِي تُخَاطِبُهُ،وَ لَمْ يَعْلَمْ أَنَّ إِبْلِيسَ قَدِ اخْتَفَي بَيْنَ لَحْيَيْهَا. فَرَدَّ آدَمُ عَلَى الْحَيَّةِ:أَيَّتُهَا الْحَيَّةُ،هَذَا مِنْ غُرُورِ إِبْلِيسَ لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ،كَيْفَ يَخُونُنَا رَبُّنَا؟أَمْ كَيْفَ تُعَظِّمِينَ اللَّهَ بِالْقَسَمِ بِهِ وَ أَنْتِ تَنْسُبِينَهُ إِلَى الْخِيَانَةِ وَ سُوءِ النَّظَرِ وَ هُوَ أَكْرَمُ الْأَكْرَمِينَ،أَمْ كَيْفَ أَرُومُ التَّوَصُّلَ إِلَى مَا مَنَعَنِي مِنْهُ رَبِّي عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ،وَ أَتَعَاطَاهُ بِغَيْرِ حُكْمِهِ؟! فَلَمَّا يَئِسَ إِبْلِيسُ مِنْ قَبُولِ أَمْرِهِ [6] مِنْهُ،عَادَ ثَانِيَةً بَيْنَ لَحْيَيِ الْحَيَّةِ فَخَاطَبَ حَوَّاءَ …»

99-/399 _1- Allah, Exalted, said: Then Satan made them slip from it—from the Garden—through his whispering, deception, suggestion, and delusion, beginning with Adam and saying: Your Lord did not forbid you from this tree except that you may become angels [1]; if you partake of it, you will know the unseen and have the power of those whom Allah has endowed with power—or that you may be among the immortals [2], never dying. And he swore to them [3], affirming to them: Indeed I am to you both a sincere adviser [4]. Iblis was between the jaws [5] of the serpent which had brought him into the Garden. Adam supposed the serpent was speaking to him, not knowing Iblis was concealed between its jaws. Adam replied to the serpent: O serpent, this is of the delusion of Iblis—may Allah curse him. How could our Lord betray us? How can you magnify Allah by swearing by Him while attributing to Him treachery and ill-consideration—He is the most generous of the generous? How can I seek to attain what my Lord, Mighty and Majestic, has forbidden me, and attempt it without His decree? When Iblis despaired of his [6] accepting his command, he returned again between the serpent’s jaws and addressed Hawwa from where he made her think the serpent was speaking to her, saying: O Hawwa, do you see this tree which Allah had forbidden to you both? He has now made it lawful for you after forbidding it, in view of your good obedience and reverence for Him. The angels appointed over the tree—who stand with spears driving off the other animals of the Garden—do not drive you away from it if you approach [7] it. Know by this that it has been made lawful for you, and rejoice that if you partake of it before Adam, you will become the one empowered over him, the one commanding and forbidding above him. Hawwa said: I will try this. She approached the tree. The angels wanted to drive her away with their spears, but Allah revealed to them: You only drive away with your spears those without reason to restrain them. As for one whom I have made capable [8] and choosing, leave him to his own reason [9] which I have made a proof against him. If he obeys, he merits My reward; if he disobeys and opposes My command, he merits My punishment and recompense. They left her and did not interfere after they had intended to prevent her, so she thought Allah had ordered them not to prevent her because He had made it lawful after forbidding it. She said: The serpent has told the truth. Supposing the interlocutor to be the serpent, she partook of it and did not perceive [10] any change in herself. She said: O Adam, do you not know that the tree forbidden to us has been made permissible for us? I partook of it, its guardians did not prevent me, and I did not sense anything amiss. Then Adam was beguiled and erred, so he partook. What Allah, Exalted, described came upon them: Then Satan made them slip from it and brought them out—by his whispering and delusion—from what they had been in of bliss. And We said: O Adam, O Hawwa, O serpent, and O Iblis—descend! Some of you are enemies to others: Adam, Hawwa, and their offspring are enemies of the serpent; and Iblis, the serpent, and their offspring are your enemies. And you shall have on earth a dwelling—meaning a place to live and settle for livelihood—and a provision for a time—that is, benefit until death.

[1] [2] الأعراف 7:20.

— al-A‘rāf 7:20

[3] [4] الأعراف 7:21.

— al-A‘rāf 7:21

[5] اللحي …

— al-laḥy: ‘aẓm al-ḥanak; al-laḥyān

[6] في المصدر: آدم.

— fī al-maṣdar: Ādam

[7] رمت الشيء …

— ramtu ash-shay’: ṭalabtuhu

[8] في المصدر: ممكّناً مميّزاً.

— fī al-maṣdar: mumakkanan mumayyazan

[9] وكل فلاناً إلى رأيه …

— wakkala fulānan ilā ra’yih: tarakahu

[10] التنكّر …

— at-tanakkur: at-taghyُّr

99-/400 _2- ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ(رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ)،قَالَ:حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الصَّفَّارُ،عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ،عَنْ عُثْمَانَ،عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ بَسَّامٍ [1]،عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ جَنَّةِ آدَمَ،فَقَالَ: «جَنَّةُ آدَمَ مِنْ جِنَانِ الدُّنْيَا،تَطْلُعُ [2] فِيهَا الشَّمْسُ وَ الْقَمَرُ،وَ لَوْ كَانَتْ مِنْ جِنَانِ الْخُلْدِ مَا خَرَجَ مِنْهَا أَبَداً».

99-/400 _2- Ibn Bābawayh reported: Muhammad b. al-Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) told us… from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him). He said: I asked him about Adam’s Garden. He said: The Garden of Adam was from the gardens of this world; the sun and moon rise in it. Had it been from the gardens of eternity, he would never have gone out of it.

_2) -علل الشرائع:55/600.

[1] في المصدر: بشّار.

— fī al-maṣdar: Bashshār

[2] في المصدر زيادة: عليه.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: ‘alayh

99-/401 _3- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ … قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)عَنْ جَنَّةِ آدَمَ؟فَقَالَ:«جَنَّةٌ مِنْ جِنَانِ الدُّنْيَا،تَطْلُعُ فِيهَا الشَّمْسُ وَ الْقَمَرُ، وَ لَوْ كَانَتْ مِنْ جِنَانِ الْآخِرَةِ مَا خَرَجَ مِنْهَا أَبَداً».

99-/401 _3- Muhammad b. Ya‘qub… from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him). He said about Adam’s Garden: A garden from the gardens of this world; the sun and moon rise in it. Had it been from the gardens of the Hereafter, he would never have gone out of it.

_3) -الكافي 3:2/247.

99-/402 _4- عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،قَالَ:… سُئِلَ الصَّادِقُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) … فَقَالَ:«كَانَتْ مِنْ جِنَانِ الدُّنْيَا،تَطْلُعُ فِيهَا الشَّمْسُ وَ الْقَمَرُ،وَ لَوْ كَانَتْ مِنْ جِنَانِ الْآخِرَةِ مَا أُخْرِجَ مِنْهَا أَبَداً» [3]. قَالَ:«فَلَمَّا أَسْكَنَهُ اللَّهُ الْجَنَّةَ وَ أَتَى جَهَالَةً إِلَى الشَّجَرَةِ أَخْرَجَهُ… مَا نَهٰاكُمٰا رَبُّكُمٰا … وَ قٰاسَمَهُمٰا …»

<<Arabic appears to be incomplete>>

99-/402 _4- ‘Ali b. Ibrahim said… The Truthful one (peace be upon him) was asked about Adam’s Garden… He said: It was from the gardens of this world; the sun and moon rise in it; had it been from the gardens of the Hereafter, he would never have been expelled from it [3]. He said: When Allah settled him in the Garden and he acted in ignorance toward the tree, He expelled him—because Allah created a creature that does not remain except with command and prohibition, nourishment, clothing, dwelling [4], and marriage, and he cannot discern what benefits him from what harms him except by divine instruction [5]. Then Iblis came to him and said: If you both eat from this tree which Allah forbade you, you will become two angels and remain in the Garden forever; and if you do not eat from it, Allah will expel you from the Garden. He swore to them he was a sincere adviser, as Allah, Mighty and Majestic, related: Your Lord did not forbid you from this tree except that you may become two angels or that you may be among the immortals; and he swore to them, Indeed I am to you both a sincere adviser [6]. Adam accepted his word, so they both ate from the tree, and it was as Allah related: Their private parts became apparent to them [7], and what Allah had clothed them with of the Garden’s garment fell away. They began to cover themselves with the leaves of the Garden, and their Lord called out to them: Did I not forbid you from that tree and say to you that Satan is your manifest enemy [1]? They said as Allah related: Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves, and if You do not forgive us and have mercy on us, we will surely be among the losers [2]. He said to them: Descend; some of you are enemies to others; and for you on earth is an abode and provision for a time—meaning until the Day of Resurrection. He said: Adam descended upon al-Safa—so named because the elite (ṣafwah) of Allah descended upon it—and Hawwa descended upon al-Marwah—so named because the woman (al-mar’ah) descended upon it. Adam remained forty mornings prostrating, weeping over the Garden. Gabriel (peace be upon him) descended and said: O Adam, did not Allah create you with His hand, blow into you of His spirit, and command His angels to prostrate to you? He said: Yes. He said: And did Allah not command you not to eat from the tree? Why did you disobey Him? He said: O Gabriel, Iblis swore to me by Allah that he was a sincere adviser to me, and I did not think a being created by Allah would swear by Him falsely!

_4) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:43.

[1] في المصدر: بشّار.

— fī al-maṣdar: Bashshār

[2] في المصدر زيادة: عليه.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: ‘alayh

[3] في المصدر زيادة: و لم يدخلها إبليس.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: wa lam yadkhulhā Iblīs

[4] في المصدر: و اللباس و الأكنان …

— fī al-maṣdar: wa al-libās wa al-aknān

[5] التوقيف …

— at-tawqīf

[6] الأعراف 7:20 و 21.

— al-A‘rāf 7:20-21

[7] الأعراف 7:22.

— al-A‘rāf 7:22

99-/403 _5- عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ: … عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: «إِنَّ مُوسَى(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)سَأَلَ رَبَّهُ أَنْ يَجْمَعَ … قَالَ الصَّادِقُ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ):«فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى(عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلاَمُ)».

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99-/403 _5- ‘Ali b. Ibrahim… from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him): Moses (peace be upon him) asked his Lord to bring him together with Adam (peace and blessings be upon him). They were gathered, and Moses said to him: Father, did not Allah create you with His hand, blow into you of His spirit, command the angels to prostrate to you, and command you not to eat from the tree? Why did you disobey Him? He said: O Moses, by how many years did you find my error inscribed in the Torah before my creation? He said: Thirty thousand years [3]. He said: Then so it was. The Truthful one (peace be upon him) said: Thus Adam prevailed over Moses (peace be upon them) [4].

_5) -تفسير القمّيّ 1:44.

[3] في المصدر زيادة: قبل أن خلق آدم.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: qabla an khalaqa Ādam

[4] حجّه …

— ḥajjahu: ghalabahu bi-l-ḥujjah

99-/404 _6- وَ عَنِ الْإِمَامِ أَبِي مُحَمَّدٍ الْحَسَنِ الْعَسْكَرِيِّ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ:«قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ(صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ) …»

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99-/404 _6- From Imam Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-‘Askari (peace be upon him): The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) said: When Allah made known to His angels the virtue of the elect among the Ummah of Muhammad (may Allah bless him and his family), the Shi‘a of ‘Ali (peace be upon him), and his successors (peace be upon them), and their endurance in the cause of their Lord’s love beyond what the angels can bear, He distinguished the best of the children of Adam, the Godwary, with superiority over them. Then He said: So prostrate to Adam because he encompassed the lights of these most excellent creatures. Their prostration was not to Adam; rather Adam was a qiblah for them, toward whom they prostrated to Allah, Mighty and Majestic. In that he was magnified and honored [5]. It is not fitting for anyone to prostrate to any other than Allah—submitting as one submits to Allah or magnifying by prostration as one magnifies Allah. If I were to command anyone to prostrate in this way to other than Allah, I would have commanded the weak among our Shi‘a and the other duty-bound of our Shi‘a to prostrate to the one who has advanced in the knowledge of the Prophet’s executor, who has purified his love [1] for the best of Allah’s creation—‘Ali after Muhammad (may Allah bless him and his family)—and who has borne hardships and afflictions in openly declaring the manifestation of Allah’s rights, and who has not denied a right I expect [2] of him, though he may have been ignorant of it or heedless. Then the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) said: Iblis disobeyed Allah and perished because his disobedience was by arrogance toward Adam. Adam disobeyed Allah by eating from the tree, yet he was saved and did not perish because his disobedience was not accompanied by arrogance toward Muhammad and his pure family. Allah, Exalted, said to him: O Adam, Iblis disobeyed Me concerning you and was arrogant toward you, so he perished. Had he humbled himself to you by My command and magnified the majesty of My glory, he would have succeeded completely as you have succeeded. And you disobeyed Me by eating from the tree, yet by humbling yourself to Muhammad and the family of Muhammad you will succeed completely and the stain [3] of your slip [4] will be removed. So call upon Me by Muhammad and his pure family for that. He called upon Him by them and attained complete success, for he clung to our handhold, the People of the House.

_6) -التفسير المنسوب إلى الإمام العسكريّ(عليه السّلام)265/385.

[1] محضته المودّة …

— maḥaḍtahu al-mawaddah: akhlaṣtahā lahu

[2] رقبت …

— raqabt: arṣadt; here: lam yunkir ḥaqqan ja‘ila lahu

[3] الوصم …

— al-waṣm: al-‘ayb wa-l-‘ār

[4] الزلّة …

— az-zallah: as-saqṭah wa-l-khaṭī’ah

[5] في المصدر زيادة: له.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: lahu

99-/405 _7- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ: … سُئِلَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ) … «فَأَوَّلُ مَا عُصِيَ اللَّهُ بِهِ الْكِبْرُ … وَ الْحِرْصُ … ثُمَّ الْحَسَدُ …»

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99-/405 _7- Muhammad b. Ya‘qub… ‘Ali b. al-Husayn (peace be upon him) was asked: Which deeds are most excellent with Allah, Mighty and Majestic? He said: There is no deed after knowing Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and knowing the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family), better than detesting the world. That has many branches, and sins have branches. The first by which Allah was disobeyed was arrogance—this was the sin of Iblis when he refused and was arrogant and became among the disbelievers. And covetousness—this was the sin of Adam and Hawwa (peace be upon them) when Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said to them: So eat from wherever you wish, and do not approach this tree, lest you be among the wrongdoers [7]. They took what they had no need of, and that entered upon their progeny until the Day of Resurrection, for most of what the son of Adam seeks is what he has no need of. Then envy—this was the sin of the son of Adam when he envied his brother and killed him. From that branched love of women, love of the world, love of leadership, love of comfort, love of speech, love of exaltation, and of wealth. These became seven traits that all gather into love of the world. The prophets and scholars, after recognizing this, said: Love of the world is the root of every sin. The world is of two kinds: a world of provision [8], and a world accursed.

_7) -الكافي 2:8/239.

[7] الأعراف 7:19.

— al-A‘rāf 7:19

[8] البلاغ …

— al-balāgh: at-taballugh wa-t-tazawwud

99-/406 _8- ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ،قَالَ: … «إِنَّمَا كَانَ لَبْثُ آدَمَ وَ حَوَّاءَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ … سَبْعَ سَاعَاتٍ …»

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99-/406 _8- Ibn Bābawayh said… The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his family) said: The stay of Adam and Hawwa in the Garden before they were expelled from it was only seven hours of the days of this world until Allah caused them to descend on that very day.

_8) -الخصال:103/396.

99-/407 _9- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ: … عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: … «أَمَرَ اللَّهُ وَ لَمْ يَشَأْ …»

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99-/407 _9- Muhammad b. Ya‘qub… from Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him): I heard him say: Allah commanded yet did not will, and He willed yet did not command: He commanded Iblis to prostrate to Adam but willed that he not prostrate [and had He willed, he would have prostrated]. And He forbade Adam from eating the tree yet willed that he eat from it; and had He not willed, he would not have eaten.

_9) -الكافي 1:3/117.

99-/408 _10- … عَنِ الْفَتْحِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ … عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ)،قَالَ: «إِنَّ لِلَّهِ إِرَادَتَيْنِ … نَهَى آدَمَ … وَ شَاءَ ذَلِكَ … وَ أَمَرَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ أَنْ يَذْبَحَ إِسْحَاقَ [1] وَ لَمْ يَشَأْ …»

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99-/408 _10- … from al-Fatḥ b. Yazīd al-Jurjānī, from Abu al-Hasan (peace be upon him), who said: Allah has two wills and two wishes: a will of decree and a will of resolve. He forbids while He wills, and He commands while He does not will. Do you not see that He forbade Adam and his wife to eat from the tree, yet He willed it? Had He not willed them to eat, their will would not have prevailed over Allah’s will. And He commanded Abraham to slaughter Isaac [1], yet He did not will that he slaughter him. Had He willed it, Abraham’s will would not have prevailed over Allah’s will, Exalted.

_10) -الكافي 1:4/117.

[1] في«ط»: إسماعيل.

— fī “Ṭ”: Ismā‘īl

99-/409 _11- ابْنُ بَابَوَيْهِ … عَنِ الْمُفَضَّلِ بْنِ عُمَرَ،قَالَ:قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ(عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ): «إِنَّ اللَّهَ … خَلَقَ الْأَرْوَاحَ … وَ جَعَلَ أَعْلاَهَا … مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلِيٍّ … ثُمَّ قَالَ لِلسَّمَاوَاتِ وَ الْأَرْضِ …»

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99-/409 _11- Ibn Bābawayh … from al-Mufaḍḍal b. ‘Umar, said: Abu ‘Abdillah (peace be upon him) said: Allah, Blessed and Exalted, created the spirits two thousand years before the bodies, and He made the highest and noblest of them the spirits of Muhammad, ‘Ali, Fatimah, al-Hasan, al-Husayn, and the Imams after them (peace be upon them). He presented them to the heavens, the earth, and the mountains, and their light overwhelmed them. Allah, Blessed and Exalted, said to the heavens, the earth, and the mountains: These are My beloveds, My friends, My proofs over My creation, and My Imams over My creatures. I have created no creation more beloved to Me than them. For them and for those who befriend them I created My Garden; and for those who oppose and show enmity to them I created My Fire. Whoever claims their station and place with respect to My greatness, I shall punish with a punishment with which I will not punish anyone among the worlds, and I shall make him among the idolaters in the lowest pit of My Fire. Whoever acknowledges their guardianship and does not claim their station and place regarding My greatness, I shall place [1] him with them in the meadows of My Gardens. For them [2] they shall have what they wish with Me. I will grant them My honor, settle them in My proximity, and grant them intercession on behalf of the sinners among My servants and handmaids. Their wilayah is a trust with My creation. Which of you will bear it with its burdens and claim it for himself apart from My chosen ones? The heavens, the earth, and the mountains refused to bear it and shrank from claiming its station and wishing for its place regarding the greatness of their Lord. When Allah settled Adam and his wife in the Garden, He said to them: And eat from it plenteously wherever you wish, and do not approach this tree—meaning the tree of wheat—lest you be among the wrongdoers. They looked at the station of Muhammad, ‘Ali, Fatimah, al-Hasan, al-Husayn, and the Imams after them (peace be upon them) and found it the most noble station in the Garden. They said: Our Lord, to whom does this station belong? Allah, Mighty in Majesty, said: Raise your heads to the leg of the Throne. They raised their heads and found the names of Muhammad, ‘Ali, Fatimah, al-Hasan, al-Husayn, and the Imams (blessings of Allah upon them) written upon the leg of the Throne with a light from the light of Allah, the Compeller, Mighty in Majesty. They said: Our Lord, how honored are the people of this station with You; how beloved they are to You; how exalted they are before You! He said: Were it not for them, I would not have created you. These are the treasurers of My knowledge and trustees of My secret. Beware of looking upon them with the eye of envy, or wishing for their station with Me and their place of honor—lest you enter by that into My prohibition and disobedience and thus be among the wrongdoers. They said: Our Lord, and who are the wrongdoers? He said: Those who claim their station without right. They said: Our Lord, show us the station of their wrongdoers in Your Fire, that we may see it as we have seen their station in Your Garden. Allah commanded the Fire, and it brought forth all that is in it of forms of punishment [3] and torment. Allah said: The place of those who wrong them—the claimants [4] to their station—is in the lowest depth of it: Whenever they desire to go forth from it, from grief, they shall be turned back into it [5]; and whenever their skins are thoroughly burned, We change them for other skins that they may taste the chastisement [6]. O Adam and O Hawwa, do not look upon My lights and proofs with the eye of envy lest I cause you to descend from My vicinity and bring My humiliation upon you. Then Satan whispered to them in order to make apparent to them what had been concealed from them of their shame, and said: Your Lord did not forbid you from this tree except that you may become angels or be of the immortal ones; and he swore to them: Indeed I am to you a sincere adviser; so he led them by delusion [1]. He made them desire their station. They looked upon them with envy and were forsaken until they ate from the tree of wheat. What they ate turned into barley in place thereof; so the origin of all wheat is from what they did not eat, and the origin of all barley is from what replaced what they ate. When they ate from the tree, the ornaments and garments flew off their bodies and they remained naked. They began covering themselves with the leaves of the Garden. Their Lord called to them: Did I not forbid you from that tree and say to you that Satan is your manifest enemy? They said: Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves, and if You do not forgive us and have mercy on us, we shall surely be among the losers [2]. He said: Depart from My vicinity; none who disobey Me will remain in My Garden. They descended, left to themselves to seek livelihood. When Allah wished to accept their repentance, Gabriel (peace be upon him) came to them and said: You wronged yourselves by wishing for the station of those preferred over you, and your recompense is what has afflicted you of descending from Allah’s vicinity to His earth. So supplicate your Lord by the right of the names you saw upon the leg of the Throne until He turns to you. They said: O Allah, we ask You by the right of those most honored before You—Muhammad, ‘Ali, Fatimah, al-Hasan, al-Husayn, and the Imams (peace be upon them)—to accept our repentance and have mercy upon us. So Allah turned toward them—surely He is the Oft-Returning, the Merciful. The prophets of Allah continued to preserve this trust and inform their successors and the sincere among their nations of it, who refused to bear it and shrank from claiming it. The one you know bore it [3]; the root of every oppression traces back to him until the Day of Resurrection. That is Allah’s saying: Surely We offered the trust to the heavens, the earth, and the mountains, but they refused to bear it and shrank from it, and man undertook it; surely he is unjust, ignorant [4].

_11) -معاني الأخبار:1/108.

[1] في المصدر: جعلته.

— fī al-maṣdar: ja‘altuhu

[2] في المصدر زيادة: فيها.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: fīhā

[3] في المصدر زيادة: الإنسان.

— fī al-maṣdar ziyādah: al-insān

[4] الأحزاب 33:72.

— al-Aḥzāb 33:72

[3] النكال …

— an-nakāl: al-‘uqūbah

[4] في المصدر: المدّعين.

— al-mudda‘īn

[5] الحجّ 22:22.

— al-Ḥajj 22:22

[6] النساء 4:56.

— an-Nisā’ 4:56

[1] الأعراف 7:20-22.

— al-A‘rāf 7:20-22

[2] الأعراف 7:22 و 23.

— al-A‘rāf 7:22-23

قوله تعالى: فَتَلَقّٰى آدَمُ مِنْ رَبِّهِ كَلِمٰاتٍ فَتٰابَ عَلَيْهِ إِنَّهُ هُوَ التَّوّٰابُ الرَّحِيمُ [37] قُلْنَا اهْبِطُوا مِنْهٰا جَمِيعاً فَإِمّٰا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ مِنِّي هُدىً فَمَنْ تَبِعَ هُدٰايَ فَلاٰ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَ لاٰ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ [38]

Qur’an 2:37-38 (M. H. Shakir): Then Adam received (some) words from his Lord, so He turned to him mercifully; surely He is the Oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful. We said: Go forth from this (state) all; so surely there will come to you a guidance from Me, then whoever follows My guidance, no fear shall come upon them, nor shall they grieve.

99-/416 _1- مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ:عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ،عَنْ أَبِيهِ،عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ،عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ صَاحِبِ الشَّعِيرِ [3]،عَنْ كَثِيرِ بْنِ كَلْثَمَةَ،عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا(عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلاَمُ) ،فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: فَتَلَقّٰى آدَمُ مِنْ رَبِّهِ كَلِمٰاتٍ قَالَ: «لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ أَنْتَ سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَ بِحَمْدِكَ عَمِلْتُ سُوءاً وَ ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي فَاغْفِرْ لِي وَ أَنْتَ خَيْرُ الْغَافِرِينَ،لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ أَنْتَ سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَ بِحَمْدِكَ عَمِلْتُ سُوءاً وَ ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي فَاغْفِرْ لِي وَ ارْحَمْنِي وَ أَنْتَ خَيْرُ الرَّاحِمِينَ،لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ أَنْتَ سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَ بِحَمْدِكَ عَمِلْتُ سُوءاً وَ ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي فَتُبْ عَلَيَّ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ».

99-/416 _1- Muhammad b. Ya‘qub… regarding Allah’s saying: Then Adam received (some) words from his Lord. He said: “There is no god but You; glory be to You, O Allah, and with Your praise. I have done evil and wronged myself, so forgive me, and You are the best of forgivers. There is no god but You; glory be to You, O Allah, and with Your praise. I have done evil and wronged myself, so forgive me and have mercy on me, and You are the best of the merciful. There is no god but You; glory be to You, O Allah, and with Your praise. I have done evil and wronged myself, so turn to me; surely You are the Oft-Returning, the Merciful.”

_1) -الكافي 8:472/304.

[3] في«س»: إبراهيم صاحب الشعيري …

— Ibrāhīm Ṣāḥib ash-Sha‘īr / ash-Sha‘īrī